tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31197414063865097962024-03-20T21:16:48.810-07:00UBC Biology 210 BlogMidyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-42599576258851112392011-03-26T21:30:00.000-07:002011-03-26T21:39:12.578-07:00Lab 9 - Angiosperm Reproduction<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b>Angiosperm Reproduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">---</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBtKHD_07lDGK0iB23hqC5peYF6R2PSYHGYej_mQwmY0MdrWc4nTmyBOoFO_7lwk-EnJm_9yrMQH5KcXFlaxokoXEI0QU9KWLk7v-jPJj-b74_vFtZrVOKQXcpJaBB5HpcIGFQ35Pigc/s1600/IMG_2812.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBtKHD_07lDGK0iB23hqC5peYF6R2PSYHGYej_mQwmY0MdrWc4nTmyBOoFO_7lwk-EnJm_9yrMQH5KcXFlaxokoXEI0QU9KWLk7v-jPJj-b74_vFtZrVOKQXcpJaBB5HpcIGFQ35Pigc/s400/IMG_2812.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5582.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5582.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Forsythia</i> </b>is <b>bisexual </b>(meaning its flowers have both male and female bits) like the majority of the flowers. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwnWFqNKDpJZ6oQ4gmqIRrlDb0beZHVx_27J76AOEBuy6y7MiXu-K-W5ESsZlui5_ieWO63Oemf99vhLIHPjbJ1-FwSkg6bGhrSBGsaXBR7-zMgAi71RhcUYz0dge5jzmMqqvNLhQS_fM/s1600/IMG_5587+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwnWFqNKDpJZ6oQ4gmqIRrlDb0beZHVx_27J76AOEBuy6y7MiXu-K-W5ESsZlui5_ieWO63Oemf99vhLIHPjbJ1-FwSkg6bGhrSBGsaXBR7-zMgAi71RhcUYz0dge5jzmMqqvNLhQS_fM/s400/IMG_5587+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> The female floral parts: the <b>stigma</b>tic surface, the <b>ovary </b>and the <b>style </b>that connect the stigma to the ovary. Collectively they are call a <b>pistil</b>. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLXB0_pjauOeOBunsNCQ_rVRC2nihRL0sLMsEliogRmw39E5p33t_rpC7GSQZKOQJzlnVDq_Ap3cxB4UZqVOsUc6wKnXoEpVOSlRSGhSLlKbdY0DICkmnnw1BHn6A3WNZgyYRoWGGO-6M/s1600/IMG_5585+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLXB0_pjauOeOBunsNCQ_rVRC2nihRL0sLMsEliogRmw39E5p33t_rpC7GSQZKOQJzlnVDq_Ap3cxB4UZqVOsUc6wKnXoEpVOSlRSGhSLlKbdY0DICkmnnw1BHn6A3WNZgyYRoWGGO-6M/s400/IMG_5585+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The male bits of the flower: <b>anthers </b>which contain pollen grains and <b>filaments </b>which hold up the anthers. Together they are called <b>stamens</b>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmWE9kAJUt62hjFSQ_VLw4l8jxKnu6UKluaSgHmQYQAg9ZqvYw81HFZvQ9Yu9W1f_ur9qYTkjDQm8iInnRxfNXkOOKPHzYepi0otaGYckjbgbE2Kqt3gnOban-hg6y6lkcraqgwDkff6w/s1600/IMG_5597+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmWE9kAJUt62hjFSQ_VLw4l8jxKnu6UKluaSgHmQYQAg9ZqvYw81HFZvQ9Yu9W1f_ur9qYTkjDQm8iInnRxfNXkOOKPHzYepi0otaGYckjbgbE2Kqt3gnOban-hg6y6lkcraqgwDkff6w/s320/IMG_5597+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Phaseolus coccineus</b></i> or <b>scarlet runner bean</b>. The oval scar is the <b>hilum </b>and it is where the seed was attached to the placenta. The tiny pore above the hilum is the <b>microphyle</b>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUjgGWZN3AQoTOs1DBtC8JQqyqxH89bS7qExbHCczrqk3PQPsKTLhkX6GqaMR0dqI6iXl1kPyFfmqsBsxo4MBmcN5yNOVWETRo7l-IoxLGB_WatgM6YJf5W4XbEG5EKNkzCnMj-5a5-MY/s1600/IMG_5599+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUjgGWZN3AQoTOs1DBtC8JQqyqxH89bS7qExbHCczrqk3PQPsKTLhkX6GqaMR0dqI6iXl1kPyFfmqsBsxo4MBmcN5yNOVWETRo7l-IoxLGB_WatgM6YJf5W4XbEG5EKNkzCnMj-5a5-MY/s320/IMG_5599+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">One of the two cotyledons will have a <b>plumule </b>(where the stem and leaves develop) and a <b>radicle </b>(where the roots develop).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5602.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5602.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Tulipa </i>(tulip)</b> flower have almost <b>identical petals </b>and <b>sepals</b>. When we can't distinguish petals<b> </b>from sepals we call them <b>tepals</b>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5608.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5608.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Examine the stamens and pistil of the flower. The pistil of this flower lacks an style. Instead, the stigma is attached directly to the ovary.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5609.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5609.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">A cross section of the ovary. This ovary has 3 <b>locules </b>and the type of placentation is <b>axile</b>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5614.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5614.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">A way to identify the number of locules in the ovary is to look at the sigma. A 3 lobed stigma suggest this ovary has 3 locules.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5617.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5617.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Antirrhinum(snapdragon)</b> flowers have<b> bilateral or zygomoprhic</b> <b>symmetry.</b><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5624.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5624.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">A cross section of the ovary reveals 2 ovules and ovules in axile placentation. Axile placentaiton refers to the ovules that are attached to the central placenta.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5711.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5711.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Narcissus (daffodil) </b>flowers.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5628.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5628.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5634.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5634.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The <b>sepals</b>, <b>petals </b>and <b>stamens </b>are <b>fused </b>together at the base to form an <b>hypanthium</b>. The petals, septals and stamens are above the ovary, therefore, this flower is <b>epigynous</b>.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5640.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The longitudinal section shows the ovules attached to a central placenta...axil placentation.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5641.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5641.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Another view of the axile placentation. A cross section can also reveal the number of locules and in this case it's 3.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5645.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5645.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Prunus</i> (cherry)</b> flowers.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5647.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5647.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">These flowers have cup-shaped hypanthium. Similar to the daffodil flower above, these flowers are also epigynous.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5649.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5649.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Salix </b></i><b>(willow)</b><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5654.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5654.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Some plants are <b>unisexual </b>and has only the female or male parts in their flowers (ie. <b>dioecious</b>). Willow flowers are unisexual and borne in <b>catkins </b>or clusters of many unisexual flowers.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBtKHD_07lDGK0iB23hqC5peYF6R2PSYHGYej_mQwmY0MdrWc4nTmyBOoFO_7lwk-EnJm_9yrMQH5KcXFlaxokoXEI0QU9KWLk7v-jPJj-b74_vFtZrVOKQXcpJaBB5HpcIGFQ35Pigc/s1600/IMG_2812.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBtKHD_07lDGK0iB23hqC5peYF6R2PSYHGYej_mQwmY0MdrWc4nTmyBOoFO_7lwk-EnJm_9yrMQH5KcXFlaxokoXEI0QU9KWLk7v-jPJj-b74_vFtZrVOKQXcpJaBB5HpcIGFQ35Pigc/s320/IMG_2812.JPG" width="320" /></a><br />
A sunflower is a composite meaning it is made up of many individual flowers. The yellow 'petals' are actually <b>ray flowers</b>, and the dark centre is comprised of many d<b>isk flowers</b>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcq3hMCDGinn4sltmAEqGQzjwXyEzeTrVHtcv-BXTwfhEa1dlCxMj7B4Fa_NQspQHMZgSYAbnMd6AY68v8G3Vzv1eFOkp8mz66Gb5xHdMldiDWXukq5Xdg_2mobdb6Ov3dSPABUewK_I/s1600/CompCross+-+doug.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcq3hMCDGinn4sltmAEqGQzjwXyEzeTrVHtcv-BXTwfhEa1dlCxMj7B4Fa_NQspQHMZgSYAbnMd6AY68v8G3Vzv1eFOkp8mz66Gb5xHdMldiDWXukq5Xdg_2mobdb6Ov3dSPABUewK_I/s400/CompCross+-+doug.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Cross section of a composite head. Note the disk flowers in different developing stages.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqOYWumzI4qystOWfu_8MbNAhBReTxIRt3OSff0JsuAua3n3Apl_hxbtcoaruoBKKHNHV3QqlG0vnRlztyQGhegR7qsY_-Fnn3-BK_dS-othQvLL2pV5NoRFVhuVhA7-BzU9CHqaTHb-M/s1600/IMG_3059+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqOYWumzI4qystOWfu_8MbNAhBReTxIRt3OSff0JsuAua3n3Apl_hxbtcoaruoBKKHNHV3QqlG0vnRlztyQGhegR7qsY_-Fnn3-BK_dS-othQvLL2pV5NoRFVhuVhA7-BzU9CHqaTHb-M/s320/IMG_3059+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>A disk flower. The sepals have been modified to fine hairs called <b>pappus</b>.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5697.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5697.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Solanum esculentum</i> (tomato)</b><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5655.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5655.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Tomato flowers have fused stamens.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i744.photobucket.com/albums/xx84/theultimateduo/Plant%20Seed%20Lab%206%20-%20Oct%2026/IMG_4085.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="http://i744.photobucket.com/albums/xx84/theultimateduo/Plant%20Seed%20Lab%206%20-%20Oct%2026/IMG_4085.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The tomato fruit type is a <b>berry</b>. Tomatoes have axile placentation.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5662.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%209/IMG_5662.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Strawberries are not actually fruits (they are accessory fruits). The <b>receptacle </b>of the flower has swollen up into the juicy fruit that we eat and the seeds are the actual dry fruits call <b>achenes</b>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i744.photobucket.com/albums/xx84/theultimateduo/Seed%20Plant%20Lab%201%20Sept%2021/IMG_3568.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i744.photobucket.com/albums/xx84/theultimateduo/Seed%20Plant%20Lab%201%20Sept%2021/IMG_3568.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>If you were give this flower on the lab final exam, would you be able to label the following? Stigma, style, ovary, pistil, anthers, filaments, stamens, petals, corolla, sepals, calyx<br />
Is this flower hypogynous, perigynous or epigynous?<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJApwl9oJ0t4bTkwNPYWn375F_Oswh2lYa-bdO3Mcu2iNDOKllThyphenhyphenEj5jMcjrAVzpGJduLy5ZXeZwdJVnWOiowU5UHBR0tOGnyI9rQA0IehiceDNtKG7D3P6xYFfhs13n7S6xSflS6AN8/s1600/IMG_3568+(labeled)+revised.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJApwl9oJ0t4bTkwNPYWn375F_Oswh2lYa-bdO3Mcu2iNDOKllThyphenhyphenEj5jMcjrAVzpGJduLy5ZXeZwdJVnWOiowU5UHBR0tOGnyI9rQA0IehiceDNtKG7D3P6xYFfhs13n7S6xSflS6AN8/s400/IMG_3568+(labeled)+revised.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>This Fuchsia flower is epigynous.<br />
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</div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com39tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-70152590523932727352011-03-24T22:42:00.000-07:002011-03-26T22:45:01.431-07:00Lab 8 - ConifersC. Reproduction in the Conifers<br />
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Conifers are usually monoecious (bisexual).<br />
Mature seed cone are larger than pollen cones.<br />
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- Pollen cone of <i>Pinus</i> (Pine)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinS4yf1KfFEcGs1T3nrXeUYRYSiaZZzRcbY9shtFr8VydlgOLSe0ohaBAKU_SxGCguCW-pvTmfy8gZE6aSSq5aCHCxWe8Sq68OOvmd9-nJjCrqz-jRvDYjAYKxuhcB1kulU6Q8LW4TqOY/s1600/DSC02466.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinS4yf1KfFEcGs1T3nrXeUYRYSiaZZzRcbY9shtFr8VydlgOLSe0ohaBAKU_SxGCguCW-pvTmfy8gZE6aSSq5aCHCxWe8Sq68OOvmd9-nJjCrqz-jRvDYjAYKxuhcB1kulU6Q8LW4TqOY/s320/DSC02466.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3osn-bhv2QuQEqgre-B15Kdh_fEholRJewbr9sWcIVOZE7iAXD6io66DKZUjf_Yb-lqDeNbwwlJbup_N_kNlEZ-QimR2JdPK-DvWtED8CfLe7UWT6HN5hoIrL2w9Sm5CKZS9hjp-t7Dg/s1600/DSC02474.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3osn-bhv2QuQEqgre-B15Kdh_fEholRJewbr9sWcIVOZE7iAXD6io66DKZUjf_Yb-lqDeNbwwlJbup_N_kNlEZ-QimR2JdPK-DvWtED8CfLe7UWT6HN5hoIrL2w9Sm5CKZS9hjp-t7Dg/s320/DSC02474.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The microsporangia is on the abaxial (lower) surface of the microsporophylls.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Hc_LuO1Rgs9bVB_fi0bxLO-u-HOfomgdf9vbu-XdS_iqVi8oQxgFHKy1v05FdNJmMSakL0RqE6KJW4YDke8mWBcpB9_bDn5B1vRKrhDzO8D_56CAv0sIWsScjTLwv02eNT86qwuHrMk/s1600/DSC02473.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Hc_LuO1Rgs9bVB_fi0bxLO-u-HOfomgdf9vbu-XdS_iqVi8oQxgFHKy1v05FdNJmMSakL0RqE6KJW4YDke8mWBcpB9_bDn5B1vRKrhDzO8D_56CAv0sIWsScjTLwv02eNT86qwuHrMk/s320/DSC02473.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The pollen grain of pine has air bladders.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- Pollen cone of other conifer species</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcorTC9RGF0qR10rhSqE5uXppzu6_i1lzeOzytQ2bhuGENxDhy0CPxtDwLUYzeyXYRi2pB1quHPxEizvfZLM5VVDuA4sySRogDLdJeS4tyHMuGGFoMX7IAfjDdttT2Rh9TDOLl5kEVHk/s1600/DSC02401.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcorTC9RGF0qR10rhSqE5uXppzu6_i1lzeOzytQ2bhuGENxDhy0CPxtDwLUYzeyXYRi2pB1quHPxEizvfZLM5VVDuA4sySRogDLdJeS4tyHMuGGFoMX7IAfjDdttT2Rh9TDOLl5kEVHk/s320/DSC02401.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Many other conifer species actually do not have air bladders, such as the giant sequoia.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhfeRNjkcOJ8sJ-kMN3FWjaZoGPbnuiylljfjOBMQdmNIoEUfYNr5TH1Q720nzkmNnfa7jQZ345oMKx7iwY09zR9zq3JOWv16u8MX9TILW4eMHu36YVjVBIaSGhrCoLsF4uCYyjzRn7Z8/s1600/DSC02477.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhfeRNjkcOJ8sJ-kMN3FWjaZoGPbnuiylljfjOBMQdmNIoEUfYNr5TH1Q720nzkmNnfa7jQZ345oMKx7iwY09zR9zq3JOWv16u8MX9TILW4eMHu36YVjVBIaSGhrCoLsF4uCYyjzRn7Z8/s320/DSC02477.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNpH8f88aZjdpcswU0MpCBU5crPnXwI0s0ZvqCRLanyE5R3yZP_xKCMstwUQSGfgCUZ2ldkiEBrxxngYUqpKLl7ufukJ6d6tyvqoRZmbUyG-MF6Lu8sraW9p_wqFLCWlELo2TrUCZlg_s/s1600/DSC02479.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNpH8f88aZjdpcswU0MpCBU5crPnXwI0s0ZvqCRLanyE5R3yZP_xKCMstwUQSGfgCUZ2ldkiEBrxxngYUqpKLl7ufukJ6d6tyvqoRZmbUyG-MF6Lu8sraW9p_wqFLCWlELo2TrUCZlg_s/s320/DSC02479.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Pollen cone of Giant sequoia (<i>Sequoiadendron giganteum</i>).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSlVnf8uuRi6kN5HqYPu4V62iwdupGCIUxUDQFEUD4dxL35VHM6HwsVBnsMCaf6_-AjhGJOtxKta1d_hJzYVQemykMCK98dDeiwk6WwQhpckCP4CF6nSeWiuZsMjoyuvWHERXDNCe-0U/s1600/DSC02478.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSlVnf8uuRi6kN5HqYPu4V62iwdupGCIUxUDQFEUD4dxL35VHM6HwsVBnsMCaf6_-AjhGJOtxKta1d_hJzYVQemykMCK98dDeiwk6WwQhpckCP4CF6nSeWiuZsMjoyuvWHERXDNCe-0U/s320/DSC02478.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The pollen cone of the giant sequoia does not have air bladders.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- Prepared slide of <i>Pinus</i> pollen cone longitudinal section</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghZTv9yB6CWl0f6CpC5dw2mwFoYscWlUK0piyalQjsBpmhK67Kdz52Pe_Yta0XUj0v6VshbZR43GdrZ_JjhqPlkZOMUQ9ASM55fivZ8TQ2la7gpAvM3fuL9lB9PXDGlNS_Xk4cszKAA5k/s1600/DSC02499-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghZTv9yB6CWl0f6CpC5dw2mwFoYscWlUK0piyalQjsBpmhK67Kdz52Pe_Yta0XUj0v6VshbZR43GdrZ_JjhqPlkZOMUQ9ASM55fivZ8TQ2la7gpAvM3fuL9lB9PXDGlNS_Xk4cszKAA5k/s320/DSC02499-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Longitudinal section of the pollen cone.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSl9RN3c_pFmorLZ6WjvPUjNMuTsVVqntsPy6o4xqibWYG6eUCEaGZyx7G9hMORqShD_jzNuGKmduzRfZWl9Su-sdn8lJG_DG_pCyWiGQ5xgiBGrdeEgPbvKY3W2r1mOENzTkGcxfpIiw/s1600/DSC02500-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSl9RN3c_pFmorLZ6WjvPUjNMuTsVVqntsPy6o4xqibWYG6eUCEaGZyx7G9hMORqShD_jzNuGKmduzRfZWl9Su-sdn8lJG_DG_pCyWiGQ5xgiBGrdeEgPbvKY3W2r1mOENzTkGcxfpIiw/s320/DSC02500-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">cross section and longitudinal section of the pollen cone.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- Seed cones of <i>Pinus</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_NIUgcjtxAK1JljTCVfVKSnAT2IQShL3wpfb0jRtkETGDP2sktTd37iPVgXE5ftt4SdH-U3OTSI2VznzL8L2LfigitsOWiZhFAYsRuiLNDs0CT2k4nDp-7t8whNWjz63yRLymsXue53U/s1600/DSC02503.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_NIUgcjtxAK1JljTCVfVKSnAT2IQShL3wpfb0jRtkETGDP2sktTd37iPVgXE5ftt4SdH-U3OTSI2VznzL8L2LfigitsOWiZhFAYsRuiLNDs0CT2k4nDp-7t8whNWjz63yRLymsXue53U/s320/DSC02503.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The cones are red when it is pollinated.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv811VcnsKiHx6aMprMOfm1-YXIpHod0IX7hbWk0e4u9ZsWm_amJwDYhNXrauWRfhyphenhyphenjE3zJG7vViqKgMDwtpd_unGfS3yjfppHiSIr2xObpNX1_Kjn9G7OccvriI4W3lSv4xnDivBN7CI/s1600/DSC02506.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv811VcnsKiHx6aMprMOfm1-YXIpHod0IX7hbWk0e4u9ZsWm_amJwDYhNXrauWRfhyphenhyphenjE3zJG7vViqKgMDwtpd_unGfS3yjfppHiSIr2xObpNX1_Kjn9G7OccvriI4W3lSv4xnDivBN7CI/s320/DSC02506.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">This green/brown cone is about one year after pollination occurs.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Fertilization will soon occur as the megagametophyte has completed development.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBpnznPfrFY5UPLpKAetDaf499RGnukLVSimG94b6sZmwEAl7D6HljXV-9U_7925beiIsJfHzyB-7S1d1UORC9TBGOrbjysl3zlX0VaoNiFTr2KQjfcF0Qka-oeFWYPTr50WvZeGqmf7g/s1600/DSC02509.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBpnznPfrFY5UPLpKAetDaf499RGnukLVSimG94b6sZmwEAl7D6HljXV-9U_7925beiIsJfHzyB-7S1d1UORC9TBGOrbjysl3zlX0VaoNiFTr2KQjfcF0Qka-oeFWYPTr50WvZeGqmf7g/s320/DSC02509.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Two years after pollination. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The seeds are mature.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The ovuliferous scales:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%208/IMG_5475.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%208/IMG_5475.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The demo.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The ovules are on the adaxial side of the ovuliferous scale.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">There are two ovules on each scale.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- Prepared slice of <i>Pinus </i>seed cone longitudinal and cross-section</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0xCZ3QuymnLpWUhmnfcq-_N4p8k2kZLDpFPfh6xkLWKT574f8LDnpTvQdHWFF-FA6E1OMaJMh3gPtEDEEK0TgJsvqzajprQIqH1N8pNNwkkIhhHxLBEh9_c3dSf9TxIHDNyjHxaGw8H0/s1600/DSC02519-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0xCZ3QuymnLpWUhmnfcq-_N4p8k2kZLDpFPfh6xkLWKT574f8LDnpTvQdHWFF-FA6E1OMaJMh3gPtEDEEK0TgJsvqzajprQIqH1N8pNNwkkIhhHxLBEh9_c3dSf9TxIHDNyjHxaGw8H0/s320/DSC02519-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">An overview of the seed cone.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEeryIpU5rPJNIcB02GTWQKI1UoDEBtvHMjAGQUhUJkKVBDDik5d9TuMDfzyKMIu0FnbjWIbmKBYb1ZZKYy7IYOKgQcc2lOslhqrb4gMwxzbP2622G5aRdxU-I7_dkOU1VFnUOZOiM1eI/s1600/IMG_5456.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEeryIpU5rPJNIcB02GTWQKI1UoDEBtvHMjAGQUhUJkKVBDDik5d9TuMDfzyKMIu0FnbjWIbmKBYb1ZZKYy7IYOKgQcc2lOslhqrb4gMwxzbP2622G5aRdxU-I7_dkOU1VFnUOZOiM1eI/s320/IMG_5456.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A closer look at the longitudinal section of the seed cone. (Picture by Midy)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- Prepared slides of<i> Pinus</i> embryo</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOiVJwT31hBfkpc_OokMf-mi540ZIQ_l8FnvnHjc_r7MDn3xFF9Xkm2orpI1c6NgM8a-k6e2o3h0jIStC3lgsLkWCGjz83zOa3zUnVYQko9v-6N2khbqEc7jxOkd0S4WQ8z3TKdTsVBQs/s1600/DSC02537-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOiVJwT31hBfkpc_OokMf-mi540ZIQ_l8FnvnHjc_r7MDn3xFF9Xkm2orpI1c6NgM8a-k6e2o3h0jIStC3lgsLkWCGjz83zOa3zUnVYQko9v-6N2khbqEc7jxOkd0S4WQ8z3TKdTsVBQs/s320/DSC02537-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Nucellus is hapliod.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- Germinating<i> Pinus </i>seed</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONuMOjH4ZDLj90TBFccuH-DegQS5TG0g5-RO9av3cRB9XBhwD9ulgnN38zE6tS8oYvoOsEN3ZBnbc8tuVYthENIFYw-L56v6qn9P_6kc4chaTH_s3OPsEDHtqpIWsdG-bQoKxayWiazk/s1600/DSC02540.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONuMOjH4ZDLj90TBFccuH-DegQS5TG0g5-RO9av3cRB9XBhwD9ulgnN38zE6tS8oYvoOsEN3ZBnbc8tuVYthENIFYw-L56v6qn9P_6kc4chaTH_s3OPsEDHtqpIWsdG-bQoKxayWiazk/s320/DSC02540.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Different stages of germinating<i> Pinus</i>.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpnyCTsPxFqYLckGq4sFkCmePa_uuMUGHnvWBCqytOoY4DcpHbgfB1i7DtsM9ncSv44-tZyeyYIqDme5-ezcoX0dcTvJ-vAi4V_e35j6LtOCq0zkNb87D_aDDMxMa_fqdapGp1cC4ACy0/s1600/DSC02541.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpnyCTsPxFqYLckGq4sFkCmePa_uuMUGHnvWBCqytOoY4DcpHbgfB1i7DtsM9ncSv44-tZyeyYIqDme5-ezcoX0dcTvJ-vAi4V_e35j6LtOCq0zkNb87D_aDDMxMa_fqdapGp1cC4ACy0/s320/DSC02541.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The cotyledons and the young needles are borne singly (spirally arranged), not in fascicles (short shoots) as on mature plant.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFVgPx0rEyAac0dV6DcT590xtmto1zDX0fVgFmcFzNuitokiI4zKhji9ddmZhQ8jwBazKxk8jg6HNBg_m-RxL_jsBTALZt64NYaVam0x21s-SVe3vdgJuewAThveHAyWMgdHaxVRLRs1M/s1600/DSC02505-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFVgPx0rEyAac0dV6DcT590xtmto1zDX0fVgFmcFzNuitokiI4zKhji9ddmZhQ8jwBazKxk8jg6HNBg_m-RxL_jsBTALZt64NYaVam0x21s-SVe3vdgJuewAThveHAyWMgdHaxVRLRs1M/s320/DSC02505-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Mature<i> Pinus</i> has leaves borne in fascicles.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">- Yee Sing</div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-34412941717218602692011-03-13T21:45:00.003-07:002011-03-31T22:28:08.240-07:00Lab 7 - Monilophytes II: Psilotaceae, Ophioglossaceae and Leptosporangiate ferns<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">PSILOTACEAE (WHISKFERN)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5287.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5287.jpg" width="272" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Note the <b>dichotomous</b> branching pattern (ie. one branch give rise to 2 branches) on this <i><b>Psilotum</b></i>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5291.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5291.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Synangium </b>is the structure formed by the fusion of 3 sporangia. You can still see the 3 thirds of sporangia.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5295.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="367" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5295.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Psilotum </i>has <b>protostele </b>vascular tissue arrangement. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoXYWEz48TV5wcfQrhfPjUYZAIqY5f8UpxMhFvrdWJJPvinmvrwGPgZVLABOu6IhY8VuaOVskSZKUrDMz9Fb32AbUVcgMG0BhjyrUbYiup-bxRz37oWbpQvMAjQmN-QexWH0oEUT3IziU/s1600/IMG_5305+%2528arrow+added%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoXYWEz48TV5wcfQrhfPjUYZAIqY5f8UpxMhFvrdWJJPvinmvrwGPgZVLABOu6IhY8VuaOVskSZKUrDMz9Fb32AbUVcgMG0BhjyrUbYiup-bxRz37oWbpQvMAjQmN-QexWH0oEUT3IziU/s400/IMG_5305+%2528arrow+added%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The ring of blue-staining cell walls is the <b>Casparian strip</b>. These cells have <b>lignin </b>and/or <b>suberin </b>in their cell walls to prevent apoplastic movement of water and nutrient.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">OPHIOGLOSSACEAE</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5323.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5323.jpg" width="337" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The <b>fronds </b>(also known as leaves)<b> </b>of <b><i>Ophophioglossum </i>sp.</b> are made of 2 parts: a sterile blade and a fertile segment with 2 rows of <b>eusporangia</b>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5332.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="319" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5332.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Cross-section through eusporangia of <b><i>Botrychium</i></b>. Note the <b>homosporous </b>spores (spores of the same size).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5328.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5328.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Rhizome cross-section of <i>Botrychium</i>.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">LEPTOSPORANGIATE FERNS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjw5zZ4PlmHbFFZfa2CoiRtBXEF0vKXxPBQh0A5vLVc0kfXhvSIS3FzkdGhWMX3Nsyn07S7M0ON9z4lnEG-L9Y_TW21fLMi5NtqbCTa7oKSfmhlEtEoDbb3RdMMCNRi44ztrxZUSnk3c/s1600/Fern+%2528drawn%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjw5zZ4PlmHbFFZfa2CoiRtBXEF0vKXxPBQh0A5vLVc0kfXhvSIS3FzkdGhWMX3Nsyn07S7M0ON9z4lnEG-L9Y_TW21fLMi5NtqbCTa7oKSfmhlEtEoDbb3RdMMCNRi44ztrxZUSnk3c/s640/Fern+%2528drawn%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">A fern from Pacific Spirit Park. The central 'stem' (in red) that runs throughout the frond is the <b>rachis</b>. Deriving from the rachis are pinna (in blue). And the smaller divisions coming from the pinna are the <b>pinnule</b> (in yellow). The bottom half of the rachis without any pinna attached is the <b>petiole</b> (not shown here). </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5310.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5310.jpg" width="195" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5315.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5315.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Some ferns don't have pinnules in their fronds and instead they end in pinna as in this sword fern. </div><div style="text-align: center;">Sword fern's name came from its pinna that resemble swords (complete with hilts and blades).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5358.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5358.jpg" width="310" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Polypodium vulgare (licorice fern).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5353.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5353.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The scattered nodes of previous leaf attachments. Some leaves can arise from the bottom side of the stem and twist its way toward the sky.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5381.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5381.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Pteridium </i></b>rhizome cross-section (1 of 4). <i>Pteridium </i>is <b>amphiphloic </b>and has <b>dictyostele </b>with 2 rings of vacular bundle. The bundles aboves are part of the outer ring.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5380.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5380.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">(2 of 4) As we move inwards we see the second ring.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5379.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5379.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">(3 of 4) The first half of the inner ring.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5378.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5378.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">(4 of 4) The two halves of the inner ring.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5383.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5383.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Polypodium rhizome cross-section (1 of 2). Polypodium rhizomes are also <b>amphiphloic </b>with <b>dictyostele</b> but with only a single ring.<br />
<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5384.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5384.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>(2 of 2) The centre of the rhizome does not have another ring.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5376.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5376.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><b>Amphiphloic <i>Adiantum </i></b>rhizome cross-section. (1 of 2)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5375.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5375.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>(2 of 2)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5312.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5312.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>The backsides of sword fern pinna are lined with <b>sori </b>(groups of sporangia).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5389.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5389.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Sori are mostly found on the underside of the fronds. These are from <i>Cyrtomium falcatum</i>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5399.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5399.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Sori may be <b>naked </b>(without <b>indusium</b>).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhDaD2-ZLpNUwKtgmv81nHrdRCOGigxo7P9IPk62DXsCImgWz4ZsgmJAT2CBWZ8muloJ4pZnPHhOpUpvTcCuZSXjPVu_vlTJ-9noYmJkB-shyphenhyphenwI7WDkvwwaICS7ID3TvBMtYvIcqfH9YM/s1600/IMG_5396++%2528resized%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhDaD2-ZLpNUwKtgmv81nHrdRCOGigxo7P9IPk62DXsCImgWz4ZsgmJAT2CBWZ8muloJ4pZnPHhOpUpvTcCuZSXjPVu_vlTJ-9noYmJkB-shyphenhyphenwI7WDkvwwaICS7ID3TvBMtYvIcqfH9YM/s400/IMG_5396++%2528resized%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>Some sori are located on the marines of the fronds.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4POHJe8KLhad8FpWZ0X4M-u5WGAzWYLJngSHQGjKLuoO7qXUo_bSvLXXHFkbdLaDzCtsToF1JD8MeMtz6iPfuUEtIx3EkuDvrHx39Jz_Cbgg-GVm7tdnss70kTAxCbry89eirha4PYM/s1600/IMG_5407+%2528recropped%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4POHJe8KLhad8FpWZ0X4M-u5WGAzWYLJngSHQGjKLuoO7qXUo_bSvLXXHFkbdLaDzCtsToF1JD8MeMtz6iPfuUEtIx3EkuDvrHx39Jz_Cbgg-GVm7tdnss70kTAxCbry89eirha4PYM/s400/IMG_5407+%2528recropped%2529.JPG" width="391" /></a></div>A sporangium under a compound 'scope. Note the thick walled <b>annulus </b>(or the Mohawk), the <b>lip cells</b> (near the opening), and the <b>spores</b>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5411.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5411.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>This sporangium is intact and has not burst open yet.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5361.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%207/IMG_5361.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Fern gametophyte with archegonia, antheridia and rhizoids.<br />
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<b>-MIDY</b></div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-4476664201038765972011-03-06T20:04:00.000-08:002011-03-09T15:22:22.899-08:00Lab 6 - Lycophytes (Clubmosses) and Equisetaceae (Horsetails)<b>6.1 Lycophytes</b><br />
<br />
<u>A. Introduction</u><br />
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- three families: - Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, Isoetaceae<br />
- vascularized leaves, roots and stems<br />
- exarch protestelic vascular tissue<br />
- xylem - tracheids only<br />
- phloem - sieve cells<br />
- stem has endodermis and pericycle<br />
- sporangia associated with sporophylls<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Lycopodium</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">SelaginellaIsoetes</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Homosporous</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>One type of spores</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Bisexual gametophytes</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Gametophyte develops outside the spore wall</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Heterosporous</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Two types of spores: megaspores and microspores</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Megaspores: female; microspores: male</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Gametophyte develops inside the spore wall</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">No ligules</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Has ligules</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br />
<u>B. Lycopodiaceae</u><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicgvcPaUSJ_yly6iFRwbU5MXSG1Jl9sXMWW9ffTqc7njroVTeZqHvPqgvCcqNrRd-m5q0LCkeaq7Wu_gBVN8uaMXXP9JNrxFZgWtpHmGZRa1abV1Cs_bH8q8Ns__96jboelRXA_AcyIPQ/s1600/DSC01915.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicgvcPaUSJ_yly6iFRwbU5MXSG1Jl9sXMWW9ffTqc7njroVTeZqHvPqgvCcqNrRd-m5q0LCkeaq7Wu_gBVN8uaMXXP9JNrxFZgWtpHmGZRa1abV1Cs_bH8q8Ns__96jboelRXA_AcyIPQ/s320/DSC01915.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Lucopodium</i> "club mosses". They are not the awesome mosses but want to be like them..so they joined the "club".</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1XVT4XnYUhYNCSH6aTnW-tb9XOyyhfQzYVkTpwCh9jYcebKlhdYzbQK8HcHpDpFWV3erhG0skOQYjlzcHduVNWhvfF9e_Ciu0BQwOPXH28VUN41q8Na7HMsWUrjC5Khv_VYv1jijtK88/s1600/DSC01916.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1XVT4XnYUhYNCSH6aTnW-tb9XOyyhfQzYVkTpwCh9jYcebKlhdYzbQK8HcHpDpFWV3erhG0skOQYjlzcHduVNWhvfF9e_Ciu0BQwOPXH28VUN41q8Na7HMsWUrjC5Khv_VYv1jijtK88/s320/DSC01916.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A cross section of the stem of <i>Lycopodium</i> is made.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRM_YETfRF3KIRRrd-fxkcyTPieOz1rEhMCv6wYtiMvN0CKgsrRFrZlTtJNTbbiOKRX7y0EyKa-A-nduInWAtFHziDUGs84bw4MVvMHV4xj2erS32JhPJ-1DJHdmNrWjAQGNoVW44BlyA/s1600/DSC01935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRM_YETfRF3KIRRrd-fxkcyTPieOz1rEhMCv6wYtiMvN0CKgsrRFrZlTtJNTbbiOKRX7y0EyKa-A-nduInWAtFHziDUGs84bw4MVvMHV4xj2erS32JhPJ-1DJHdmNrWjAQGNoVW44BlyA/s400/DSC01935.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Cross section of <i>Lycopodium</i> that is stained with toluidine blue. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The stem is an exarch plectostele (a type of protostele).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5196.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="366" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5196.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Another Tol blue staining.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuujUquTX8SJ1Jcn_n5ISBefQ2n__dIOBaL-WMGSQiVCJKYfuSZLqJZHzPy5VJdpk5xbnFQ5NH1J0ziel0WQpfIKnMHEliokXZd5bgDB7Yfcyltq1H5AOREZRj_1Kvk6iq_E6XBlLSqUs/s1600/DSC01947.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuujUquTX8SJ1Jcn_n5ISBefQ2n__dIOBaL-WMGSQiVCJKYfuSZLqJZHzPy5VJdpk5xbnFQ5NH1J0ziel0WQpfIKnMHEliokXZd5bgDB7Yfcyltq1H5AOREZRj_1Kvk6iq_E6XBlLSqUs/s320/DSC01947.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Cross section of <i>Lycopodium</i> that is stained with phloroglucinol. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXvbbsqqU6P_8QbYTn6VcqRKtLvpGnzhn11IsqeygOptXpdl8rLsi396jExSRotZo9NnRAmnrnIKEj2B2BvC2xb7v0G9wRCx6Blgqi25ix-yrPEirCVhMUk4UiKElPLwNoasZQbnmwfQk/s1600/DSC01942.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXvbbsqqU6P_8QbYTn6VcqRKtLvpGnzhn11IsqeygOptXpdl8rLsi396jExSRotZo9NnRAmnrnIKEj2B2BvC2xb7v0G9wRCx6Blgqi25ix-yrPEirCVhMUk4UiKElPLwNoasZQbnmwfQk/s320/DSC01942.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Strobili of <i>Lycopodium</i>. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS78PYgPNxZ_Zj8_EceEe9u1IQsbQ_iMwEnlBh79pPVsZUfPYNtR2LkGPVTZz5c6AL_3voDQruSaYzczTkjXQpCjKmW93grnGw1BJPg2lLXALt0Gz0d1McZ5AuiP9JHkZ0AGSwL7wZPEc/s1600/DSC01917.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS78PYgPNxZ_Zj8_EceEe9u1IQsbQ_iMwEnlBh79pPVsZUfPYNtR2LkGPVTZz5c6AL_3voDQruSaYzczTkjXQpCjKmW93grnGw1BJPg2lLXALt0Gz0d1McZ5AuiP9JHkZ0AGSwL7wZPEc/s320/DSC01917.JPG" style="cursor: move;" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sections through the strobilus of <i>Lycopodium </i>is viewed.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYxVBikigR5yqGWOPH4zxx07SuxeGaRK5HdAH0aN3VZ5bUxqNiMO3ExB_I9Lmyg1_UbWNTpeTRNqM__LjlmYWodCMfQTkouAFdrgko4k6NJVnEEfDgOyJ6d6eM-u0kfHk8FkVIokepyjA/s1600/DSC01950.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYxVBikigR5yqGWOPH4zxx07SuxeGaRK5HdAH0aN3VZ5bUxqNiMO3ExB_I9Lmyg1_UbWNTpeTRNqM__LjlmYWodCMfQTkouAFdrgko4k6NJVnEEfDgOyJ6d6eM-u0kfHk8FkVIokepyjA/s320/DSC01950.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">All the spores in the sporangia of <i>Lycopodium</i> is the same size. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i>Lycopodium </i>is homosporous.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><u>C. Selaginellaceae</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyBpgAfcb8bqN6p62M_EeLgXGSoBDLbvu8AkXWh0QWrQCdZnVjv3ZTqZGHE3IahX9iQVsEMgMaoLmG8EFtrpJO0-rJRvCdmd2T1HHi5yMnV5tBJYAVjgSZx8XMoWSbSB9-6olTVXulBo/s1600/DSC01918.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyBpgAfcb8bqN6p62M_EeLgXGSoBDLbvu8AkXWh0QWrQCdZnVjv3ZTqZGHE3IahX9iQVsEMgMaoLmG8EFtrpJO0-rJRvCdmd2T1HHi5yMnV5tBJYAVjgSZx8XMoWSbSB9-6olTVXulBo/s320/DSC01918.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Pots of <i>Selaginella krausiana</i> are sacrificed for Science.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb-oNksU64UCrYSCjdqBwOkyX8Eu-zdL5ulKFyQ9byOiDFq8ZBhFCyAjFPHxZOR_NaXzXaHPhVSz961S7SFxZKUMuvZ8qW3x0yI-75H6VrsWae8mi75iGbX7n0KKWEs0oxxKJv94E0-Zo/s1600/DSC01957.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb-oNksU64UCrYSCjdqBwOkyX8Eu-zdL5ulKFyQ9byOiDFq8ZBhFCyAjFPHxZOR_NaXzXaHPhVSz961S7SFxZKUMuvZ8qW3x0yI-75H6VrsWae8mi75iGbX7n0KKWEs0oxxKJv94E0-Zo/s320/DSC01957.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The roots of <i>S. krausiana</i> grows from places where branches are.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5219.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5219.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijFCMeGoUTRVG9DY7C4pxtLaakPPfL1VqQR_FwtfIL_o8hmD1QFaDuDw2eBMrkeGlsJNM5gGvggJGaRgps2MzvHhGSmojpf2WqYLHlqiWBmIbl5_-R_604MWwcvcqyYrtk-LvOe_e0fmA/s1600/DSC01964-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijFCMeGoUTRVG9DY7C4pxtLaakPPfL1VqQR_FwtfIL_o8hmD1QFaDuDw2eBMrkeGlsJNM5gGvggJGaRgps2MzvHhGSmojpf2WqYLHlqiWBmIbl5_-R_604MWwcvcqyYrtk-LvOe_e0fmA/s320/DSC01964-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Dissection microscope is used to observe the ligule of <i>S. krausiana</i>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Pull the adaxial side of the leave downwards and reveal the colourless ligule.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The ligule looks like a hair. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">It may be secreting water and mucilage to keep the leaf moist.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The leaves arranged in whirl.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5207.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="259" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5207.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Another ligule (the white speck in the axil of leave). This one was found by Debbie L. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Xg6IRJhg35IMrsZ8GDpPPzqRxJYeBfA2JsC8pM-yRkHIc424xaMMh13AqpdRQ00eoG29oHuF9sTr5m5NjB-tdzciuIbrF5OK1QS3CKLYjg17nVASFWvetTB35_RVFbpCXCmic5BoMck/s1600/DSC01919.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Xg6IRJhg35IMrsZ8GDpPPzqRxJYeBfA2JsC8pM-yRkHIc424xaMMh13AqpdRQ00eoG29oHuF9sTr5m5NjB-tdzciuIbrF5OK1QS3CKLYjg17nVASFWvetTB35_RVFbpCXCmic5BoMck/s320/DSC01919.JPG" style="cursor: move;" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Vegetative stem of <i>S. wallacei</i>.<br />
The leaves are isophyllous (same shape and size).</span><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwoa0MtOL2yqL5BxQYZhDRsmQI0xlDB5vof0PLOTeZirPJKwvd1ESEP7VEoGhU5YhYaW-U0y2jrrPG0GDpuPDdK3_k7gzDCHgcNGwGuL4c7wpf2KJxblsgYE62AuGsMFLbiPV6TeAm8pg/s1600/DSC01972-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwoa0MtOL2yqL5BxQYZhDRsmQI0xlDB5vof0PLOTeZirPJKwvd1ESEP7VEoGhU5YhYaW-U0y2jrrPG0GDpuPDdK3_k7gzDCHgcNGwGuL4c7wpf2KJxblsgYE62AuGsMFLbiPV6TeAm8pg/s320/DSC01972-1.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
A cross section of the stem of <i>S. wallacei</i>.<br />
It has an exarch protostele.<br />
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3iDm0yH2at43jXubcT2KzBxo21kgh7OpmVDNG8LeeMyqs9RlmevzqF1sWozpEE-ugW48UqXAi97ybS_7o4z5dkDhANjCvLsg2-Pft5sq5912GVc20OT9QZZ8uVctZOCPKNCE0TB8FX6I/s1600/DSC01920.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3iDm0yH2at43jXubcT2KzBxo21kgh7OpmVDNG8LeeMyqs9RlmevzqF1sWozpEE-ugW48UqXAi97ybS_7o4z5dkDhANjCvLsg2-Pft5sq5912GVc20OT9QZZ8uVctZOCPKNCE0TB8FX6I/s320/DSC01920.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Reproductive structure of <i>S. wallacei</i>.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5235.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5235.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Some macrospores which are formed from meiosis and are in tetrads (4s).</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodc5krOLJmhS2YdsAWNZdR0ajnl8WwW-hcH71VeGWFtMIoi5H5kC4mnee5LMimklotYKk7Wax_6p2O9tXtDSMtksHoyjhgqoFjj4XxsSFgkZ1lEllt83Xy9FJ-oMo8h_0fceJmyGyuqY/s1600/DSC01973.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiodc5krOLJmhS2YdsAWNZdR0ajnl8WwW-hcH71VeGWFtMIoi5H5kC4mnee5LMimklotYKk7Wax_6p2O9tXtDSMtksHoyjhgqoFjj4XxsSFgkZ1lEllt83Xy9FJ-oMo8h_0fceJmyGyuqY/s400/DSC01973.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Microspore is much smaller than mecrospore. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(I couldn't find my picture of mecrospore. - OYS)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-PY4lBJL_iFlvforG0jux-qeiJHsogIVWOxT4wrIsZlLcJtYh1tifNlENxBUhrw3NS-AW8udvn2cLE2y6KSCdHhoM1HMrWWRWtlsu4CxfGIsNVipzHbtbGJGqKEC_y_BfuucheOh5nh0/s1600/DSC01923.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-PY4lBJL_iFlvforG0jux-qeiJHsogIVWOxT4wrIsZlLcJtYh1tifNlENxBUhrw3NS-AW8udvn2cLE2y6KSCdHhoM1HMrWWRWtlsu4CxfGIsNVipzHbtbGJGqKEC_y_BfuucheOh5nh0/s320/DSC01923.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A long-section through the strobilus of of <i>S. wallacei </i>is examined.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYxhJYY-iugZt70xqC3XxZXp331sEa3nrUA4CBYv4zZjd9mq-FUNN0QdzoGbqd8GzlGE-ufv7QsA_fSJMAsMGTU21I95ZQPLSRXNTZadrH3wD1Yi-YTCjQf7x9kOAyAj7dmFaawrM1Bs4/s1600/DSC01978.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYxhJYY-iugZt70xqC3XxZXp331sEa3nrUA4CBYv4zZjd9mq-FUNN0QdzoGbqd8GzlGE-ufv7QsA_fSJMAsMGTU21I95ZQPLSRXNTZadrH3wD1Yi-YTCjQf7x9kOAyAj7dmFaawrM1Bs4/s400/DSC01978.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">There are more microsporangia than megasporangia.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Left- megaspore; right - microspore.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5249.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%206/IMG_5249.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Megasporangium with 4 megaspores (3 of them are showing and 1 is hiding behind).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>6.2 Monilophytes</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><u>Equisetaceae (Horsetails)</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><u>A. Introduction</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><ol><li style="text-align: left;">One genus, <i>Equisetum</i>, survived.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Reduced leaves in whorls at the nodes.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Hollow stem.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Xylem contains tracheids (some species have short vessels).</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Have sieve cells in phloem.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Have endodermis and a pericycle in the stem.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Silicified epidermal cells.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Conspicuous strobili.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Homosporous with small, free-living, photosynthetic gametophytes.</li>
</ol><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><u>B. Equisetaceae</u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRWgwy0rtP3eBVwzXnXLj8ZVyrcFL9aQrahrlJ-b37JbtUBQLNJ7HpQFNQ84Xp5bBf0c5m_LnECS5cIuh3kYP8qED1IR4Uj4_jga2F8E2e_9L59ru5CUte_HDRBzQU-z0HX2wFyTXm7Nc/s1600/DSC01981-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRWgwy0rtP3eBVwzXnXLj8ZVyrcFL9aQrahrlJ-b37JbtUBQLNJ7HpQFNQ84Xp5bBf0c5m_LnECS5cIuh3kYP8qED1IR4Uj4_jga2F8E2e_9L59ru5CUte_HDRBzQU-z0HX2wFyTXm7Nc/s400/DSC01981-1.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The stem is photosynthetic.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7vUiDsMWpKsE0CsYWjihovzKWXy_BKp1qt5kafgRRDMxdS-6fCaYEtgM8HK1iINY5EuMLgazBaK11mGzsPJ9myvS0mHfG7nZucAGLod5Sacls92PXtsNmUYkaYh01FKBqoriqx88l2ek/s1600/DSC01984.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7vUiDsMWpKsE0CsYWjihovzKWXy_BKp1qt5kafgRRDMxdS-6fCaYEtgM8HK1iINY5EuMLgazBaK11mGzsPJ9myvS0mHfG7nZucAGLod5Sacls92PXtsNmUYkaYh01FKBqoriqx88l2ek/s320/DSC01984.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Rhizomes of the<i> Equisetum</i>. Rhizome fragmentation may occur and the plant reproduce vegetatively.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCpfXtlopp6MwPcjFnMzxSc7WvPw5YDDHVGroA7jiYbd7bbAt88U_hMm1eiJ2aH9w5mDGryWzA8_arL8-kWAp27tOWxVoPEJNb4YkgAbQvpfGvOukTPK-CMBsFWe9B1AqRNk8bx8fhgPw/s1600/DSC01987.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCpfXtlopp6MwPcjFnMzxSc7WvPw5YDDHVGroA7jiYbd7bbAt88U_hMm1eiJ2aH9w5mDGryWzA8_arL8-kWAp27tOWxVoPEJNb4YkgAbQvpfGvOukTPK-CMBsFWe9B1AqRNk8bx8fhgPw/s320/DSC01987.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Stomata on the stem of <i>Equisetum</i>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDNFZRHCkoSa7oz3YTxhvW_MV47MyFDt8amRnl0Fz2Dfz1msIsr7mQc4dERtStFXIQx0pTF52eKL4fgTBShfI_L5BXCbmRvlIZEe5WsqS2Ldq4Ii1UDgkBRLXa39rVZ6bsezXX2GEisrc/s1600/DSC01990-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDNFZRHCkoSa7oz3YTxhvW_MV47MyFDt8amRnl0Fz2Dfz1msIsr7mQc4dERtStFXIQx0pTF52eKL4fgTBShfI_L5BXCbmRvlIZEe5WsqS2Ldq4Ii1UDgkBRLXa39rVZ6bsezXX2GEisrc/s400/DSC01990-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Equisetum stem cross section.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51rA1BKbMQwqZ2qWZP-1GD1dX3HVjVg-kh0mNvutKIIewqeerlNTQw7yPE-lGJRQQwZrwdnBczGbL07zjxmSc8bnSRLndODg5v2cjpcTPdbq2F1LxxFktjdAoq5BBjJ8WxoYcgb1NCSs/s1600/DSC01929.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51rA1BKbMQwqZ2qWZP-1GD1dX3HVjVg-kh0mNvutKIIewqeerlNTQw7yPE-lGJRQQwZrwdnBczGbL07zjxmSc8bnSRLndODg5v2cjpcTPdbq2F1LxxFktjdAoq5BBjJ8WxoYcgb1NCSs/s320/DSC01929.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Equisetum</i> strobilus.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jQu0iKNQzopviGilt9NNJ5zvhH0Yn4UwibJWZwkf4UhBZa_rTqMaPFYEKh5dUHGtru2OPLI_ND668xVZLrRpWA01mMSjTAn4rMRLVOYffZrgv0mLRavNlr5Nbc1pXyAo53E6GIdh87E/s1600/DSC01997.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5jQu0iKNQzopviGilt9NNJ5zvhH0Yn4UwibJWZwkf4UhBZa_rTqMaPFYEKh5dUHGtru2OPLI_ND668xVZLrRpWA01mMSjTAn4rMRLVOYffZrgv0mLRavNlr5Nbc1pXyAo53E6GIdh87E/s400/DSC01997.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Strobilus under a dissecting microscope.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwyuqYrYYzD9UQwBwcaaKY0BLkomSoYnKp4V2XbWSDS3WVA2RYkn_LGwD_Kl0bghPW1gq710vxjPLeO85pH5ipyS9I4OFd1CJlpsH98xav_TA57rq55yquYoACmOyKoXce29_51Ioj8k/s1600/DSC02005.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwyuqYrYYzD9UQwBwcaaKY0BLkomSoYnKp4V2XbWSDS3WVA2RYkn_LGwD_Kl0bghPW1gq710vxjPLeO85pH5ipyS9I4OFd1CJlpsH98xav_TA57rq55yquYoACmOyKoXce29_51Ioj8k/s320/DSC02005.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sporangiophore is the sporangia (grey) bearing structure.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2mA7GzMBr55ZbUZt3Iicux5uVnKDijYv62Be-jOiqjGjciwq6x6Waw6q1zbeFODHypXm75zZYrrPtsu29k4wnDGPd2N83E2Cb-fS2AGvfV1mC6TQHK8oggSBF5Jxnes-8ay2VSEPeIuo/s1600/DSC02003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2mA7GzMBr55ZbUZt3Iicux5uVnKDijYv62Be-jOiqjGjciwq6x6Waw6q1zbeFODHypXm75zZYrrPtsu29k4wnDGPd2N83E2Cb-fS2AGvfV1mC6TQHK8oggSBF5Jxnes-8ay2VSEPeIuo/s320/DSC02003.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sporangia with four elaters under a compound microscope.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrKP0qQp2OMKRMdzk4efKxNzWhCdDuQSwic9wTM1Es9Y41fyQ4H61Rb5regocpuBJH_F1zBQ2SU0vGzd3G0hcvmgjcclr2bP1799GZErk_vqrm1YREPpTwN-5qCuQ6QzaYBd6CsREUg3Q/s1600/DSC02018.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrKP0qQp2OMKRMdzk4efKxNzWhCdDuQSwic9wTM1Es9Y41fyQ4H61Rb5regocpuBJH_F1zBQ2SU0vGzd3G0hcvmgjcclr2bP1799GZErk_vqrm1YREPpTwN-5qCuQ6QzaYBd6CsREUg3Q/s320/DSC02018.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Long section through a strobilus. Spores are strained red.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYaXJv9zYluUgZjj4CSPORQ0hEgLUFSDodXWQaqWwqFKLQ6WEoSLzGK-WWslWa1ZwFCD8Ts_1jebhH44v9ezLuRTCm9aXeH8avZKYeA7NX9LpJwiFW0Pi94LXRo8emYpOyzj2HglOCfw/s1600/DSC02010-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYaXJv9zYluUgZjj4CSPORQ0hEgLUFSDodXWQaqWwqFKLQ6WEoSLzGK-WWslWa1ZwFCD8Ts_1jebhH44v9ezLuRTCm9aXeH8avZKYeA7NX9LpJwiFW0Pi94LXRo8emYpOyzj2HglOCfw/s320/DSC02010-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The<i> Equisetum</i> gemetophytes mounts.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">-Yee Sing</div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-40541838873879220642011-02-23T19:09:00.000-08:002011-02-23T20:15:59.218-08:00Lab 5 - Leaves and Modifications<div style="text-align: center;"><b>B. Leaf Blades</b></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_H-Y9EczAkMYO7DD2xQHbi8KT6-ayWJazAT5JbhkitwLW50vdkI4JCScvLAEIGBIJwL80wu_8WcpktVpNYqZeGrV332Bdqqji9ivWK_miYv2MAGftec8KmEuzXuQLmE7mq4pRvww_YCQ/s1600/DSC01396.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_H-Y9EczAkMYO7DD2xQHbi8KT6-ayWJazAT5JbhkitwLW50vdkI4JCScvLAEIGBIJwL80wu_8WcpktVpNYqZeGrV332Bdqqji9ivWK_miYv2MAGftec8KmEuzXuQLmE7mq4pRvww_YCQ/s200/DSC01396.JPG" width="150" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Syringa</i> (lilac) prepared slides are examine.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisnCvZXcLdovLMlbYoeNFYG_qJTuxG4uDTXhEyxzkViNZPxsvekxuvlGJo-ugKNZgPq37T4Up0gOko_oKN4EI9DB4Hmza_6Xap_aK4rfGeSDMJOr_QWHNA_rNbhuTzbV-myrQKKC1SUpE/s1600/DSC01401.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisnCvZXcLdovLMlbYoeNFYG_qJTuxG4uDTXhEyxzkViNZPxsvekxuvlGJo-ugKNZgPq37T4Up0gOko_oKN4EI9DB4Hmza_6Xap_aK4rfGeSDMJOr_QWHNA_rNbhuTzbV-myrQKKC1SUpE/s320/DSC01401.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">x10. Leaf of a lilac.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-vewWc5fmsVljMvIi_f1hgtp3WiXSf3tizpKUXOLYGo_aYgeUPVnXG948Zrf6YtQMTgxOZj23Wdo70XBtkRC4GEWaVOhiq4Z7gpKND7_EUNkWXjJoqoD3NSJYbYxUJtgdcQ-pNowW-o/s1600/DSC01403.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-vewWc5fmsVljMvIi_f1hgtp3WiXSf3tizpKUXOLYGo_aYgeUPVnXG948Zrf6YtQMTgxOZj23Wdo70XBtkRC4GEWaVOhiq4Z7gpKND7_EUNkWXjJoqoD3NSJYbYxUJtgdcQ-pNowW-o/s320/DSC01403.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Mid-vein in a lilac leaf. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Note mid-vein is supported by cells with thickened walls above and below.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Variation in leaf blades: </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">1) Sun versus Shade Leaves</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivO0v8UuawFQeJCrD3uEwYiowzgz5MU1HrrbDakScjjRdf_353pacgF3xYN51XFeVSCaie0cJo50phHaYWM-xkG7G3J8auf27IFdC88ZOTdZm45o-7Y6B3VLf9x4axdV-WuPjEu8ZxKXI/s1600/DSC01395.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivO0v8UuawFQeJCrD3uEwYiowzgz5MU1HrrbDakScjjRdf_353pacgF3xYN51XFeVSCaie0cJo50phHaYWM-xkG7G3J8auf27IFdC88ZOTdZm45o-7Y6B3VLf9x4axdV-WuPjEu8ZxKXI/s200/DSC01395.JPG" width="150" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Prepared slides of leaves.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlDRyG_S8p_F5z6kGRTDKauTIZ_7mO5lPWAfNwKLrrdHSDwh9_4AMoVDel89jHSRdYEQrWeDk3WqodYxCiZ2DTNHZVIya9MxWdFq-0wgL5PCyqiKVEYqE1_Iool5DwEzbg2xanenW5-M/s1600/DSC01400.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlDRyG_S8p_F5z6kGRTDKauTIZ_7mO5lPWAfNwKLrrdHSDwh9_4AMoVDel89jHSRdYEQrWeDk3WqodYxCiZ2DTNHZVIya9MxWdFq-0wgL5PCyqiKVEYqE1_Iool5DwEzbg2xanenW5-M/s320/DSC01400.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">'Sun leaf'.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDTH1Uopcmg18ZxKhkDBJblKa_5qkuXmcNpbyGt-f7j-6ELPJ4S0nusnxNmnMwZltPFTQZOXgrp2OszzT1pw-AAEqJVpKAUu-tAfApOW0zMxXcIXcfMO4ia-edxjGXotvIL-O-6fplgX0/s1600/DSC01404.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDTH1Uopcmg18ZxKhkDBJblKa_5qkuXmcNpbyGt-f7j-6ELPJ4S0nusnxNmnMwZltPFTQZOXgrp2OszzT1pw-AAEqJVpKAUu-tAfApOW0zMxXcIXcfMO4ia-edxjGXotvIL-O-6fplgX0/s320/DSC01404.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">'Shade leaf'.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Compare to 'shade leaf', 'sun leaf' is thicker, with a smaller blade area and has more layer of palisade mesophyll, and more xeromorphic (maybe be affected by water relations) .</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">2) Maturity of plant</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Plants like <i>Hedera</i> (English Ivy) have different leaf shapes in juvenile and mature stage.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5H5w6MQl9bgx3mtojvUFoo0hpYmHFv6Bct3dXZWiuoJwYOnbXGAVp3p1hDkvUa0VN8M3Pvj7OYLIn13cP9Sm56lQbFRkiVlVB9bRqujPkHcCkvxUXzLr7h7nhHeosUdhgBS7CZhCsRs/s1600/DSC01406.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI5H5w6MQl9bgx3mtojvUFoo0hpYmHFv6Bct3dXZWiuoJwYOnbXGAVp3p1hDkvUa0VN8M3Pvj7OYLIn13cP9Sm56lQbFRkiVlVB9bRqujPkHcCkvxUXzLr7h7nhHeosUdhgBS7CZhCsRs/s320/DSC01406.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Juvenile English Ivy has five-lobed leaves on the climbing vine.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRWEcwmgmL0kC9xWYKXboeE6k0R8MbjRCL2CYJINXBjCurkcdewdO_M4mMrwue4pHdD2lyojR-hGYO6QWWtrk8qtScqnUpm4gzivwHsOj733GodXO3_yIgxcGyfEaR9dH32aibfN_CSs/s1600/DSC01408.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRWEcwmgmL0kC9xWYKXboeE6k0R8MbjRCL2CYJINXBjCurkcdewdO_M4mMrwue4pHdD2lyojR-hGYO6QWWtrk8qtScqnUpm4gzivwHsOj733GodXO3_yIgxcGyfEaR9dH32aibfN_CSs/s320/DSC01408.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Mature English Ivy has thicker leaves without lobes.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">3) Habitat</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">a) Mesophytic leaf - moderate habitats</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- cuticle over epidermis</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- more stomates on the lower leaf surface</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- has adaxial palisade and abaxial spongy layers</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHQDp8e0eBFZcJeBokZdybuLENVUOpBsWmMF6RWXwMnfNN7JLRXxqm65k605bOcwJsGif9KaN6qkRZCf2Txu0a2vzD6i9Yw1srRz0ZPlX7pmjysg92xWHP4qJJJcxGv57Q6V6DMluZ7I8/s1600/DSC01389.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHQDp8e0eBFZcJeBokZdybuLENVUOpBsWmMF6RWXwMnfNN7JLRXxqm65k605bOcwJsGif9KaN6qkRZCf2Txu0a2vzD6i9Yw1srRz0ZPlX7pmjysg92xWHP4qJJJcxGv57Q6V6DMluZ7I8/s200/DSC01389.JPG" width="150" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Lonicera (honeysuckle) is one of the examples of plants that have mesophytic leaf.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeHm0xoElXvSJpRLFW8u9JnupQ5ZVbOBvpHJ2dV8KKDNGH2700J9K0we08cx9kmdeKpU6HshyphenhyphenC_DdBgZnmgW8R7f6z0b2vw4dI3uZjwgH5CKFzBPcIWLO36qYRuKJ_l_i4q9eayCOGEDw/s1600/DSC01414-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeHm0xoElXvSJpRLFW8u9JnupQ5ZVbOBvpHJ2dV8KKDNGH2700J9K0we08cx9kmdeKpU6HshyphenhyphenC_DdBgZnmgW8R7f6z0b2vw4dI3uZjwgH5CKFzBPcIWLO36qYRuKJ_l_i4q9eayCOGEDw/s320/DSC01414-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Adaxial side of the lead.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJvVF7mzk8IuiiYh3OPvoaV86-pxNHS-IpM25av93M394vHlFve618k990MfyWDbMG6DXUbfalDQkmNExp3HfA6AObLa6LRVnCjj6UPF2TQ9zJn_UCS3H3aoVz-sozGhu1sYzWgLoXCA/s1600/DSC01415-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJvVF7mzk8IuiiYh3OPvoaV86-pxNHS-IpM25av93M394vHlFve618k990MfyWDbMG6DXUbfalDQkmNExp3HfA6AObLa6LRVnCjj6UPF2TQ9zJn_UCS3H3aoVz-sozGhu1sYzWgLoXCA/s320/DSC01415-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Abaxial side of the leaf. </div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbCLXzP0TMlbeWH0K7reNtbybtpUQjXpFp36ImZr69BjCWHIfH-nGumdnK1_AQSERJ0A5ASC8nTvqib56YmzfYUcn-jBa7Qay8EIjTYyHqu0pvX25lkpX-3jJ6OhSPgwXS120HQNeF60/s1600/DSC01417.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbCLXzP0TMlbeWH0K7reNtbybtpUQjXpFp36ImZr69BjCWHIfH-nGumdnK1_AQSERJ0A5ASC8nTvqib56YmzfYUcn-jBa7Qay8EIjTYyHqu0pvX25lkpX-3jJ6OhSPgwXS120HQNeF60/s320/DSC01417.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Mid-rid. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Note that there are both xylem and fibre. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Xylem has thinner cell wall compare to fibre.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Xylem is on the adaxial side of the leaf (below palisade mesophyll).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie6zK4TC_JfAoQBOxwDJTxJSyM2oh9HqA1VFNn6isiQ2V7rt3fSlLGx0lrV-cYZ_5riZTBlmcJ97b9D5P74HMa8OE3Iin3IF-3pSDqk6KN5b19B92PgsVbbYt25nj5BZikeKFz9uPKSmM/s1600/DSC01388.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie6zK4TC_JfAoQBOxwDJTxJSyM2oh9HqA1VFNn6isiQ2V7rt3fSlLGx0lrV-cYZ_5riZTBlmcJ97b9D5P74HMa8OE3Iin3IF-3pSDqk6KN5b19B92PgsVbbYt25nj5BZikeKFz9uPKSmM/s200/DSC01388.JPG" style="cursor: move;" width="150" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Corn also has mesophytic leaf. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Corn, like other grasses, the mesophyll does not differentiate into spongy and palisade layers.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7bqyzp8FCNb1Gr2lVXyuPUD1GcWJZdrr65K4vHkZkozRs6hU0s55TwitPDQaN6VK5CD429QkiCf73dFvn4bE0z45VzukjzyPmLYUp5RFnP8Pi70oBpZCtX6z3lhOm2QiF0Hrb3glca0Q/s1600/DSC01422.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7bqyzp8FCNb1Gr2lVXyuPUD1GcWJZdrr65K4vHkZkozRs6hU0s55TwitPDQaN6VK5CD429QkiCf73dFvn4bE0z45VzukjzyPmLYUp5RFnP8Pi70oBpZCtX6z3lhOm2QiF0Hrb3glca0Q/s320/DSC01422.JPG" width="278" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Kranz anatomy: </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The arrangement where there is a ring of </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">large, chloroplast-containing bundle-sheath cells </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">surrounding the vascular bundle. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(Not clear in this picture.)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">b) Xerophytic leaf - Dry habitats</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- thick cuticle</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- sunken stomates</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- more palisade layer</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- less spongy layer</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQTkAAg1ThAGE2HKdv4z4Xkt7RmEopsRGn0KJ6qjHZCo72NdxDxX3BygUn_eJDxC60H76aCVIVr5UULbAZ24v6wZA_m_TS_8Pbjyl2C0z6Wf8pLxTGxnwjU-9QiU5GQGlJ-R4rZFCMoM/s1600/DSC01428.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQTkAAg1ThAGE2HKdv4z4Xkt7RmEopsRGn0KJ6qjHZCo72NdxDxX3BygUn_eJDxC60H76aCVIVr5UULbAZ24v6wZA_m_TS_8Pbjyl2C0z6Wf8pLxTGxnwjU-9QiU5GQGlJ-R4rZFCMoM/s320/DSC01428.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Cycad has compound leaves. So a cross-section of the leaflets does not have mid-rib, but mid vein.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg59zRM4WO8c-NNcTHeniM6yw_F99JBEYC9qSYkQpoolSOKbDFJPJloLUwnDRVDuspa_EqKzM00ilbfvxLsuEXpm0EesHrikmcUTjWOde9zIrqumlqBCn2lOlVyHbcMd19dq8Yz50d-HJQ/s1600/DSC01430-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg59zRM4WO8c-NNcTHeniM6yw_F99JBEYC9qSYkQpoolSOKbDFJPJloLUwnDRVDuspa_EqKzM00ilbfvxLsuEXpm0EesHrikmcUTjWOde9zIrqumlqBCn2lOlVyHbcMd19dq8Yz50d-HJQ/s320/DSC01430-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Cycad leaf cross-section.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdLo3LGOSYDOjEzGqfPwSOLZMSz2M3FDtvVSomJ7YnY-7QFd3wCR4bBVyd6rTCaqrgtLbOwsVswvZx9gapieeQ-bAdtQb289UHii7CE0I0b5iZD6W2BkBqTgbtC2TDrphJQWsS2DD50kw/s1600/DSC01434.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdLo3LGOSYDOjEzGqfPwSOLZMSz2M3FDtvVSomJ7YnY-7QFd3wCR4bBVyd6rTCaqrgtLbOwsVswvZx9gapieeQ-bAdtQb289UHii7CE0I0b5iZD6W2BkBqTgbtC2TDrphJQWsS2DD50kw/s320/DSC01434.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Adaxial side of the leaflet. x40.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKqENq1QwO3SnLHoB1yl4KLu9xOcHNS6Su3DXpp_GUXtarhQqlji4HjKpGUDqlmUn-6Gd47sYd02TIhSxVWTCnlacR7rybonYVSUaBEXQC9hcwIDmkQxGLk8GGvgcmz01-7T5DE4J4zxQ/s1600/DSC01431.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKqENq1QwO3SnLHoB1yl4KLu9xOcHNS6Su3DXpp_GUXtarhQqlji4HjKpGUDqlmUn-6Gd47sYd02TIhSxVWTCnlacR7rybonYVSUaBEXQC9hcwIDmkQxGLk8GGvgcmz01-7T5DE4J4zxQ/s320/DSC01431.JPG" width="319" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Subsidiary cells overarch the stomata. x40.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">3) Hydrophytic leaf - wet or submerged habitats</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- submerged leaves lack stomates</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- air cavities</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbH8g4VOILXgHUwrY481hgFBqfGRKX5LTqQoIFlrLb6PV0qPxMh9Y5tLDM1Rgxh26dS6TdSFANIO4QKe0KDPxUDxuNPKT5dZIlsLgHqgEFNCjO_Ib5X8p63ZylWENi34MIxTaNxGt7TaM/s1600/DSC01385.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbH8g4VOILXgHUwrY481hgFBqfGRKX5LTqQoIFlrLb6PV0qPxMh9Y5tLDM1Rgxh26dS6TdSFANIO4QKe0KDPxUDxuNPKT5dZIlsLgHqgEFNCjO_Ib5X8p63ZylWENi34MIxTaNxGt7TaM/s320/DSC01385.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Water lily leaf cross sections are examined.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3tvQoPop8MQY0_HWW1H7BfqD4GldSWJSUWqBOEnPDyQimhz_O7UwLmmz00sYycwkUxcAaoLhjDY8HhLhk9ympPsKikWJgS54vNZnOjkQw8stE5gxjwti5jZcuXj1NuRv7m_0hZ7yAgqU/s1600/DSC01436-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3tvQoPop8MQY0_HWW1H7BfqD4GldSWJSUWqBOEnPDyQimhz_O7UwLmmz00sYycwkUxcAaoLhjDY8HhLhk9ympPsKikWJgS54vNZnOjkQw8stE5gxjwti5jZcuXj1NuRv7m_0hZ7yAgqU/s320/DSC01436-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The chloroplasts are red in colour.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirRtvd9YvLZYFAfdNtwhNWlh0Xnh_GztBMP9yLIosQS1xpjl_0DyOkslHBRCQIGxIgxpYgGFh4gx6KRCazS9DIKlKp8QecmVao6StkBGm-MV_urxfEre_Iq0VBTpPQsq32hzvA8uOMS0E/s1600/DSC01438.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirRtvd9YvLZYFAfdNtwhNWlh0Xnh_GztBMP9yLIosQS1xpjl_0DyOkslHBRCQIGxIgxpYgGFh4gx6KRCazS9DIKlKp8QecmVao6StkBGm-MV_urxfEre_Iq0VBTpPQsq32hzvA8uOMS0E/s320/DSC01438.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Stoma only found in the adaxial surface of the lily leaf.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>C. Trichomes</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcBzmrQnRjU5H1BplSG51k5JRfsiEeAlaNMNjyEnaEndAH1E4qEE4rrSBwEd26-g7SrL8oEneTB0hfHzaWfP4b1-hlnRx3hSBvD1cS4uW8got8-yL1A6L06Yw_H_Wn_MIBfri-CzzeLvs/s1600/DSC01439.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcBzmrQnRjU5H1BplSG51k5JRfsiEeAlaNMNjyEnaEndAH1E4qEE4rrSBwEd26-g7SrL8oEneTB0hfHzaWfP4b1-hlnRx3hSBvD1cS4uW8got8-yL1A6L06Yw_H_Wn_MIBfri-CzzeLvs/s320/DSC01439.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Adaxial side of the leaf of <i>Viburnum rhytidophyllum</i>.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyMlLXJTuXg3YwfGZn_DTVUcEsYk62Vvn-C_O_hu0-UU9f9GNRxrEyHv0cNIa0Og2rz4XTxbnYCSdO3scgdDMjb9BigeglOfVKDp6lDm1Qd8Q3H_9BVCsKuDkPQtgAn04cTA4J4BWpLo8/s1600/DSC01440.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyMlLXJTuXg3YwfGZn_DTVUcEsYk62Vvn-C_O_hu0-UU9f9GNRxrEyHv0cNIa0Og2rz4XTxbnYCSdO3scgdDMjb9BigeglOfVKDp6lDm1Qd8Q3H_9BVCsKuDkPQtgAn04cTA4J4BWpLo8/s320/DSC01440.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The trichomes are found in the abaxial side of the leaf.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8m15IKhNAsB_Qjsl8GIoAXyLiGiL1DP5vbUAGBys7yXf05JSuH2iMwrdqO1Et2VxWYNDbzEnoPl-2XFZM6NuuKiXW80O-mu1mLH0dSLyvDlg0W7_AvIi6UexKfsG3B2-k1fqFUc1T1s/s1600/DSC01441.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8m15IKhNAsB_Qjsl8GIoAXyLiGiL1DP5vbUAGBys7yXf05JSuH2iMwrdqO1Et2VxWYNDbzEnoPl-2XFZM6NuuKiXW80O-mu1mLH0dSLyvDlg0W7_AvIi6UexKfsG3B2-k1fqFUc1T1s/s320/DSC01441.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The trichomes are branching. What is the function? Protection and water regulation.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdN28URHXc0AjX3XQQsW0d0wGeKq5xU1Dv13gjOpggh2EeYHHKuhNaisUkk4jAaGq1kNBcwkR6oEHxmqQ4Z9P4488dx2Ao3ilvFdu-1XdnLcWgGWhi3R2rD6Pk40oUHVf9hSallhxkfmw/s1600/DSC01442.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdN28URHXc0AjX3XQQsW0d0wGeKq5xU1Dv13gjOpggh2EeYHHKuhNaisUkk4jAaGq1kNBcwkR6oEHxmqQ4Z9P4488dx2Ao3ilvFdu-1XdnLcWgGWhi3R2rD6Pk40oUHVf9hSallhxkfmw/s320/DSC01442.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Larger magnification of the trichomes.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>D. Leaf Appendagges</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih12gEyJbX_JZ4cDsalftglg_Jf_iWi9toYlV7yNWFd2_t_AjKRFZR9DBnJWs-ApWPK7ofStlw8xzOBh7EJ9IbiN8GUBp6ec-BCgBW1gfo6tTeyvGArI-eoEdtc_qrhj8JIleSggqVLes/s1600/DSC01445.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih12gEyJbX_JZ4cDsalftglg_Jf_iWi9toYlV7yNWFd2_t_AjKRFZR9DBnJWs-ApWPK7ofStlw8xzOBh7EJ9IbiN8GUBp6ec-BCgBW1gfo6tTeyvGArI-eoEdtc_qrhj8JIleSggqVLes/s320/DSC01445.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Stipules</i> of the Begonia.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>E. Shoot Modifications</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">1. Storage (water)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- parenchyma that has no chloroplasts; large, living, thin-walled, large vacuoles with watery or mucilaginous contents.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdmC-U8j7PHfKXlWoSAFEM2ZNQ82PTKqtJZPLw2CDWt4LkMABYN_Tf82zESJnbvVymJhK-uz8Ns2suudfbYzeqsCKp9GFEmVwb1qF8l8JxrzPAZvNSDNwP4V6hPY-qfPiuG4-B2d5KTu4/s1600/DSC01446.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdmC-U8j7PHfKXlWoSAFEM2ZNQ82PTKqtJZPLw2CDWt4LkMABYN_Tf82zESJnbvVymJhK-uz8Ns2suudfbYzeqsCKp9GFEmVwb1qF8l8JxrzPAZvNSDNwP4V6hPY-qfPiuG4-B2d5KTu4/s320/DSC01446.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Peperomia glabella</i> (wax privet peperomia) has multiple epidermis.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPh6SIeNajoSEnXFy8ELXH7MLqdtV5vEmLIEUqJbmGDWg8jVsJZSsNCbKoG9eQfQZyIUW6J-A_xhMOBHu6thcMl9DbAGyoLpXK5_EysvAqmOnO6pVr-rVItbyONLlpBxU0YYMPtI3lklY/s1600/DSC01451.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPh6SIeNajoSEnXFy8ELXH7MLqdtV5vEmLIEUqJbmGDWg8jVsJZSsNCbKoG9eQfQZyIUW6J-A_xhMOBHu6thcMl9DbAGyoLpXK5_EysvAqmOnO6pVr-rVItbyONLlpBxU0YYMPtI3lklY/s320/DSC01451.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Multiple epidermis of large, thin-walled parenchyma cells that lack chloroplasts. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The oil sac are yellow in colour.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcMqvyUHuUxZl7vUeditdMKnvRnEYKI3s_lsjHZqge_iZD0Z4-3jbbO3H4jswRZpy79DC41-GeWggL_BodNPlqlKpTSHg11dfCUdINnlLBGVIixrDA4ziVisI91xSqheMCHptWWN5V0c/s1600/DSC01381.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcMqvyUHuUxZl7vUeditdMKnvRnEYKI3s_lsjHZqge_iZD0Z4-3jbbO3H4jswRZpy79DC41-GeWggL_BodNPlqlKpTSHg11dfCUdINnlLBGVIixrDA4ziVisI91xSqheMCHptWWN5V0c/s320/DSC01381.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Aloe is a desert plant has water storage tissue within the photosynthetic tissues.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlDLyU6yw9xn9KNfslYm15aMxcyOhsKcEv_p3J3Fn6uoAIdLIma7i788kS4y3xhoTDEkAzvwvyJBdWUe4FN6hjfwB3R4S-MOnP0So5uIlvzV9DQfRcPnzoqeipj2ONKVfz3DahoSQyVnA/s1600/DSC01453.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlDLyU6yw9xn9KNfslYm15aMxcyOhsKcEv_p3J3Fn6uoAIdLIma7i788kS4y3xhoTDEkAzvwvyJBdWUe4FN6hjfwB3R4S-MOnP0So5uIlvzV9DQfRcPnzoqeipj2ONKVfz3DahoSQyVnA/s320/DSC01453.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The colourless water storage tissue is slimy due to mucilage.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">2. Protection</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Thorn - stem</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Spine - leaf</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Prickle - epidermis</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDBNWHeLSfzkSFc_o3ZtmTzyL12UcJIZp_hSd-YSQ-EVN0ae3eaopEkavfhaGsFyDUkwjfdP-ShuBl7TjwEx7ApQikP8WmipYVWszYdctPnyUgvwiYvNslaVqk-mKXxBmHl7Li9hCvMLU/s1600/DSC01459.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDBNWHeLSfzkSFc_o3ZtmTzyL12UcJIZp_hSd-YSQ-EVN0ae3eaopEkavfhaGsFyDUkwjfdP-ShuBl7TjwEx7ApQikP8WmipYVWszYdctPnyUgvwiYvNslaVqk-mKXxBmHl7Li9hCvMLU/s320/DSC01459.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Citrus medicata </i>(citron) has thorns.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLn5vlJV7b5h9HcHXcnjhVWpGALJxa1qpBbhbOuPvHYxmPFF2n1GAeyf8tcuW67JNpTTmniL0XgGGXrjfPBCZGXzWs3AROQeTlymLZRF28UOJpyb3WmNZI-u9A0Ne74hK7id1y92q5fzY/s1600/DSC01469.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLn5vlJV7b5h9HcHXcnjhVWpGALJxa1qpBbhbOuPvHYxmPFF2n1GAeyf8tcuW67JNpTTmniL0XgGGXrjfPBCZGXzWs3AROQeTlymLZRF28UOJpyb3WmNZI-u9A0Ne74hK7id1y92q5fzY/s320/DSC01469.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Older citron tree.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb2lcR2T__6YlCInvtCK1DxuTNch869YD4mNGOBAcZIyqnTJtsz4TOGtgY-fmHyNn1lp_lFdinLtSHbGrnhO0QifDdY-PXMAOoLelI84t5jtF1Dvo9Q19aJMgTHKysgOU15UTri9w_ey0/s1600/DSC01467.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb2lcR2T__6YlCInvtCK1DxuTNch869YD4mNGOBAcZIyqnTJtsz4TOGtgY-fmHyNn1lp_lFdinLtSHbGrnhO0QifDdY-PXMAOoLelI84t5jtF1Dvo9Q19aJMgTHKysgOU15UTri9w_ey0/s320/DSC01467.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The cross section of a thorn resemble that of the stem.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Z7X2QRwR8k7P2Ag8CMovNcXAeibu1R7Q3NElJ2fYY-e4gi5blfbP20spxqjsxJ-rwVO60Buy_VWjY7yFzBIo7egxj9HlkZX3NGLfiIYYY_rUhzMAoDwsOyxf84598aQLp8Ig2qHb_EM/s1600/DSC01472.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Z7X2QRwR8k7P2Ag8CMovNcXAeibu1R7Q3NElJ2fYY-e4gi5blfbP20spxqjsxJ-rwVO60Buy_VWjY7yFzBIo7egxj9HlkZX3NGLfiIYYY_rUhzMAoDwsOyxf84598aQLp8Ig2qHb_EM/s320/DSC01472.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Euphorbia</i> has spines (modified leaf).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGS-I8pG5wV08ShXq7om9MfaxsqxPVdhJtrYlHB0vjVA-2CTJIOdy99QMS32rBXzEK4wqxYV5WH340KGSzBWvmTxnmiw8WjCqvNxhC74ofCZTgnx74vnisWwY9xFgByl0GpT7h7xwtRfU/s1600/DSC01474.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGS-I8pG5wV08ShXq7om9MfaxsqxPVdhJtrYlHB0vjVA-2CTJIOdy99QMS32rBXzEK4wqxYV5WH340KGSzBWvmTxnmiw8WjCqvNxhC74ofCZTgnx74vnisWwY9xFgByl0GpT7h7xwtRfU/s320/DSC01474.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Rubus</i> (blackberry) has prickles.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjotBmch2hjip9MPZY85dOa5D3auNaWzhqCTx9fFG7Medm9chyphenhyphenX3ktDpJ7uusfq0xcb14trrl-r-L1VBAcnTNcUy3BM1lwsLFOPPBZtfTEBEYzn1pJ_Da0M3EIFdbR8iFgEA5KgsMee15w/s1600/DSC01477.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjotBmch2hjip9MPZY85dOa5D3auNaWzhqCTx9fFG7Medm9chyphenhyphenX3ktDpJ7uusfq0xcb14trrl-r-L1VBAcnTNcUy3BM1lwsLFOPPBZtfTEBEYzn1pJ_Da0M3EIFdbR8iFgEA5KgsMee15w/s320/DSC01477.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">No vascular bundle is observed in prickles.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">3. Support</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX3qd4ehYdA0t3isDZXgEWWBNFl_Q7uhEA17NC3UoiSH9q-mwxSZPFPxiGaLiUHv79nl2XCfib5bhp_XvrxhWQU0tpKBoihLX8Pswam3KfpRp0tPH87LrCGdU-fDoN26t-zc7zo4POky4/s1600/DSC01479.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX3qd4ehYdA0t3isDZXgEWWBNFl_Q7uhEA17NC3UoiSH9q-mwxSZPFPxiGaLiUHv79nl2XCfib5bhp_XvrxhWQU0tpKBoihLX8Pswam3KfpRp0tPH87LrCGdU-fDoN26t-zc7zo4POky4/s320/DSC01479.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Peas' tendrils are modified leaf as they replace the terminal leaflets.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7FfUuLyit1mGp1DPAHizMm1QugNSIrGLNtyweL_HvLNrhCq_pJYa6ZB5_Lc-sv6HMsMMX08QmB2WdAjeoa_H7W_7p1i0z0e_qfypn1Li8zJsAJXOltQxSb1KgU3KRvHGwbAF1jOr2zQo/s1600/DSC01485.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7FfUuLyit1mGp1DPAHizMm1QugNSIrGLNtyweL_HvLNrhCq_pJYa6ZB5_Lc-sv6HMsMMX08QmB2WdAjeoa_H7W_7p1i0z0e_qfypn1Li8zJsAJXOltQxSb1KgU3KRvHGwbAF1jOr2zQo/s320/DSC01485.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Passiflora</i> (Passion flower) has modified branch as tendril. Its tendrils grow from the leaf base (axillary bud).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">4. Vegetative reproduction</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQYoSTWrxllCmJAJVAaae048RAd86e-cfcdRJqhrHx9_PwLEmifut3MCNFPQjkjunNWyBoVDP0ybo4TAsG2vkagjutOjmzBPnwlXSENFmd4Hlir6LJdcaKwVgFN07Cq_YKNw0UId4oI1g/s1600/DSC01497.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQYoSTWrxllCmJAJVAaae048RAd86e-cfcdRJqhrHx9_PwLEmifut3MCNFPQjkjunNWyBoVDP0ybo4TAsG2vkagjutOjmzBPnwlXSENFmd4Hlir6LJdcaKwVgFN07Cq_YKNw0UId4oI1g/s320/DSC01497.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Kalanchoe</i> form plantlets as a mean of vegetative reproduction.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">5. Overcoming Nitrogen Deficiency: insectivourous plants</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNRrRC-XCqW2qgqoXhpFgXRzJbKOw0QRKQ2Sp5VdyYyAm7MY3mggSdjUhq3TCXv06XAi0UmYOVupchoN_B3ddhGeKCSsXBVDDoce15l8-yyi_bZb6QVL4usJcQS_JdnfH0hYa-ekFz-D8/s1600/DSC01490.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNRrRC-XCqW2qgqoXhpFgXRzJbKOw0QRKQ2Sp5VdyYyAm7MY3mggSdjUhq3TCXv06XAi0UmYOVupchoN_B3ddhGeKCSsXBVDDoce15l8-yyi_bZb6QVL4usJcQS_JdnfH0hYa-ekFz-D8/s320/DSC01490.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Sarracenia</i> (Pitcher plant):</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- nectar-secreting glands</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">-colouration</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">-downward-pointing hairs and waxy inner surface</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">-enzymatic fluid</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7wKPgq4m2YESe35btNVAkIsqCactqIyVbqg0AR3_j7ty0QOr9Qpa2R093j6AufU_i7F_tjuAXah45slJ0S9IfXE9tymrBP34UaFS4wV39lCMbBxWi1uNO-MeYsTF234LvnLeily_OWBs/s1600/DSC01498.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7wKPgq4m2YESe35btNVAkIsqCactqIyVbqg0AR3_j7ty0QOr9Qpa2R093j6AufU_i7F_tjuAXah45slJ0S9IfXE9tymrBP34UaFS4wV39lCMbBxWi1uNO-MeYsTF234LvnLeily_OWBs/s320/DSC01498.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Dionaea</i> (Venus Flytrap): trigger hair.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm6d6fZCYBMNnYLDXjF3sxaGczz8bzBNxQbDvnEiYCA3od2GGCdRVJ0WrmZAr6In1i89TkQahKvtuytZjjUCmdykN31V4SEOlqsykgEXuazVYaD1GZdBVJj0ptbpTUI3Raa_e-dB7UjOc/s1600/DSC01499.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm6d6fZCYBMNnYLDXjF3sxaGczz8bzBNxQbDvnEiYCA3od2GGCdRVJ0WrmZAr6In1i89TkQahKvtuytZjjUCmdykN31V4SEOlqsykgEXuazVYaD1GZdBVJj0ptbpTUI3Raa_e-dB7UjOc/s320/DSC01499.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Pink secretory cells that secrete digestive enzyme in<i> Dionaea</i>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWAb3JnpiuJjUmKTiMXauenRjz4fhIXJs9FJIC1QSlK0YcbYmVR7IyqV6Mdz-2MjKelpWcxnctlN9KPZUVwsC0-pXaq8R4TRhzB3SKLH76ErYqXQwA8AdSychT1KkFpqQzFsvNd6XWsg0/s1600/DSC01501.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWAb3JnpiuJjUmKTiMXauenRjz4fhIXJs9FJIC1QSlK0YcbYmVR7IyqV6Mdz-2MjKelpWcxnctlN9KPZUVwsC0-pXaq8R4TRhzB3SKLH76ErYqXQwA8AdSychT1KkFpqQzFsvNd6XWsg0/s320/DSC01501.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Drosera (sundew) has sticky mucilage and red-coloured to attract insects and the tentacles traps the insects when the insects touch the tentacles.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Utricularia vulgaris (Bladderwort)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">I don't have a picture.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">- Yee Sing</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-64540398506371308892011-02-22T20:18:00.001-08:002011-02-24T23:46:00.876-08:00Lab 4 - Stems: Structure and Function<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">SHOOT SYSTEM: STEMS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ8GDb3KPbAKj1eNLH73VlHaS_PqAJSJqIQmo5zMH5pWC51jmu_j8XtoObFqwIzOg4d4Ue_cgm1U-oqhnHXprnka1UV6KTHBCX4LW7qKTB_fD3vyybCnAiGYnoCBtSXLbuX7Pp99617MM/s1600/Coleus.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ8GDb3KPbAKj1eNLH73VlHaS_PqAJSJqIQmo5zMH5pWC51jmu_j8XtoObFqwIzOg4d4Ue_cgm1U-oqhnHXprnka1UV6KTHBCX4LW7qKTB_fD3vyybCnAiGYnoCBtSXLbuX7Pp99617MM/s320/Coleus.JPG" width="299" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">A square stem of a <b><i>Coleus </i></b>plant. The aerial part of the plant is the <b>shoot </b>which includes the <b>stems</b> as well as the <b>leaves</b>. *look into lab 5 blog posting for information on leaves. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaLl15OsPL13cmlHSxI8x_yg7q7euA0YZWwsrl1UdQQJU8kISH71_CKBNKuqlbddbLtnnwDKxK80-d8jLBQAHXqe6976_9FulInrSaaDDdi3COWq-L6BJag2FqOSrzG2myfFlJlSWGyo/s1600/node+internode+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaLl15OsPL13cmlHSxI8x_yg7q7euA0YZWwsrl1UdQQJU8kISH71_CKBNKuqlbddbLtnnwDKxK80-d8jLBQAHXqe6976_9FulInrSaaDDdi3COWq-L6BJag2FqOSrzG2myfFlJlSWGyo/s400/node+internode+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The specific regions where leaves, buds and breaches arise are called <b>nodes</b>. The stem connecting two nodes is the <b>internode</b>.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHDa4M9cLJWhS_42KawxbGVP-blY0z7lhufdad_6FhE9DcyAT2vJ1Q-D-DEHk3j0PV_R-uL4MblUjabzK_kzuun3qBrld9bGEIPHevdgnAbG0HcKXYmyBpO07W75E7HhNh6aamYvRCDnw/s1600/IMG_5059+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHDa4M9cLJWhS_42KawxbGVP-blY0z7lhufdad_6FhE9DcyAT2vJ1Q-D-DEHk3j0PV_R-uL4MblUjabzK_kzuun3qBrld9bGEIPHevdgnAbG0HcKXYmyBpO07W75E7HhNh6aamYvRCDnw/s320/IMG_5059+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Two halves of a bean seed minus its seed coat. When the seed germinates the <b>cotyledons </b>become two embryonic leaves, the <b>radicle </b>grows into the embryonic root and the <b>plumule </b>develops into the shoot.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSqi0_PJFbFzAZOrQvWXKXaK2Vb4ScJyml_rSOEqQMloxYGWOpDKp-huQyJ6lsYpSvRaV1RN_FIGqPTN0fU5SlFwNxmgnHbwjv2UMJwD14n9kwHEpE9DFsHgpIH91Ngjavhh8ddmrC-s/s1600/IMG_5061+%2528box+added%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSqi0_PJFbFzAZOrQvWXKXaK2Vb4ScJyml_rSOEqQMloxYGWOpDKp-huQyJ6lsYpSvRaV1RN_FIGqPTN0fU5SlFwNxmgnHbwjv2UMJwD14n9kwHEpE9DFsHgpIH91Ngjavhh8ddmrC-s/s320/IMG_5061+%2528box+added%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">A longitudinal section through the shoot tip of <i><b>Coleus </b></i>prepared slide. A magnified version of the red box is in the next picture. Can you name the following terms without looking into your notebooks? Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium, Leaf primordium, apical meristem, trichome and bud primordium. Scroll to the middle of this page to find the answer.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5065.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5065.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The photo from the red box above. These are <b>scalariform vessels and tracheids</b> of the xylem. However, they look more helical/spiral than sclariform.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5068.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5068.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Prepared slide stem cross section of <i><b>Ranunculus </b></i>(buttercup). Buttercups have <b>closed vascular bundles</b> meaning all of the <b>procambial cells have differentiated</b> (ie. are all used up). They do not exhibit secondary growth because no further differentiation is possible. Note the <b>parenchymatous cortex and pith</b>. The vascular bundles are located in a circle in the stem. The <b>primary phloem</b> is to the outside and the <b>primary xylem</b> is to the inside. The division of the xylem is from the inside out and thus the the development is <b>endarch</b>. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXwK74E59LdeG4gD1K0q-pOBQ0jj-a7rhrLQwSOFJKlXU7mZFXvaVAtgLFl88cvFYSH1ddcjCPlCos5CYyqnCde3UJi2lpfF5KlXXrJNdLrSmQREjfx6J3n3Z8QLYm06AE3lfyEzkrEvc/s1600/IMG_5075+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXwK74E59LdeG4gD1K0q-pOBQ0jj-a7rhrLQwSOFJKlXU7mZFXvaVAtgLFl88cvFYSH1ddcjCPlCos5CYyqnCde3UJi2lpfF5KlXXrJNdLrSmQREjfx6J3n3Z8QLYm06AE3lfyEzkrEvc/s400/IMG_5075+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>The above a stem cross section of <i><b>Riciinus</b> </i>(castorbean) that is starting secondary growth. The layer of cells outlined in red is the <b>interfasicular cambium</b>. Above this layer are clusters of phloem tissue and the large cells below are xylem vessels. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0uyf6qDOyy7b-DbuSJub4A7uZLz0TxhKu-OJvNaC43p2xp5ZCrit7TT2Al0d0Pj5-YXE7nXLY0ef8gMLBhNXM9wNAAgMOXS5yG_e7QucY6neQFKNTf0EGvj1oRArN3yXZz5ihjNnWWWk/s1600/IMG_5076+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0uyf6qDOyy7b-DbuSJub4A7uZLz0TxhKu-OJvNaC43p2xp5ZCrit7TT2Al0d0Pj5-YXE7nXLY0ef8gMLBhNXM9wNAAgMOXS5yG_e7QucY6neQFKNTf0EGvj1oRArN3yXZz5ihjNnWWWk/s320/IMG_5076+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Here is zoomed out view of the <b>interfasicular cambium</b>.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm0Kd0zRMZTlbdFV168dQgjeYQXifdoCPnKHqDOGM7H2EMzbs2APkJS3TzE0KpkyRu2Su4kHSeox4kQ5UB_Iu2Z_KThJu8IZINpCydmNDM6pO3lq1VS8s7YV7jmBB0g66jkNtNyevYwk8/s1600/IMG_5061+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm0Kd0zRMZTlbdFV168dQgjeYQXifdoCPnKHqDOGM7H2EMzbs2APkJS3TzE0KpkyRu2Su4kHSeox4kQ5UB_Iu2Z_KThJu8IZINpCydmNDM6pO3lq1VS8s7YV7jmBB0g66jkNtNyevYwk8/s400/IMG_5061+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;">Labeled longitudinal section of <i><b>Coleus</b></i>. The location of the bud primordia is also known as the <b>axil</b>. The outer several layers of the apical meristem is the <b>tunica layer</b> and underneath this layer is the <b>corpus layer</b>.</div><div style="text-align: center;">-----------------------<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJzbql9sUYSjdTp8wrXiXcodGJ15ug1TndnWg9ozRiU0f81N76s4Yig0OkaqN7oI7n8YxlieYU21vlsasmJ7Egav3H4USEvA5g6dFZr7U1QWygf7GMqcS-LZPqRz21U0fKlIQ7Tr04ulM/s1600/IMG_5082+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJzbql9sUYSjdTp8wrXiXcodGJ15ug1TndnWg9ozRiU0f81N76s4Yig0OkaqN7oI7n8YxlieYU21vlsasmJ7Egav3H4USEvA5g6dFZr7U1QWygf7GMqcS-LZPqRz21U0fKlIQ7Tr04ulM/s400/IMG_5082+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="386" /></a></div>Stem cross section of <i><b>Sambucus</b></i>. If this picture were to continue inward, it would show the <b>primary xylem</b> at the end of the secondary xylem. And further inward would be the <b>pith</b>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibguXLCEy1ZGVCIsDKTWLI1-yvbns3oKxmvUJpPN56CNOLgM7u1tS4mVgFuQJDRSA1cx6J2U4cwyvsp45yA4I_C_ZentdS44HWkep_8bVyQtsbSmovShoViV4DgBHCyqLo_1qXgAa-FS4/s1600/IMG_5086.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibguXLCEy1ZGVCIsDKTWLI1-yvbns3oKxmvUJpPN56CNOLgM7u1tS4mVgFuQJDRSA1cx6J2U4cwyvsp45yA4I_C_ZentdS44HWkep_8bVyQtsbSmovShoViV4DgBHCyqLo_1qXgAa-FS4/s320/IMG_5086.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>Didn't get a good section of <i>Pelargonium</i>. : (<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5094.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5094.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Prepared slide of <i>Tilia </i>(basswood) stem cross section.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5096.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%204/IMG_5096.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Prepared slide of <i>Zea mays</i> (corn). Corn is a <b>monocot</b> and <b>do not engage in secondary growth</b> (characteristic of monocots). It has its vascular bundles scattered throughout its stem.<br />
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<b>-MIDY</b></div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-85810486696564907312011-02-20T16:50:00.000-08:002011-02-21T19:12:55.032-08:00Lab 3 - Roots and Root Modifications<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Root Tips</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>B. Root tips</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrde5BWO8A9PRB8B4i0s9zZaC7p7ES90NtwTBcq7FJDtcjrKGx2t0rLwmdp-I-UQX3WfSym5SZn-fXgS0J6Ycfk4pI8jlg3KMLvySO_EmedUB2WeZfi3zE7POJMuEwoGY3eIS1GUDX-JI/s1600/DSC01213.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrde5BWO8A9PRB8B4i0s9zZaC7p7ES90NtwTBcq7FJDtcjrKGx2t0rLwmdp-I-UQX3WfSym5SZn-fXgS0J6Ycfk4pI8jlg3KMLvySO_EmedUB2WeZfi3zE7POJMuEwoGY3eIS1GUDX-JI/s320/DSC01213.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Raphanus sativus</i> (radish) seedlings are killed, for science.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefPWjbEgO_HJntCrNkgFyTDotDQ0NUIcpIh76JjxXaFUZlE4ANEltZa9_eqiRyzIYyehlJiRYsaclwB9r51uNFDYOyaqU3fd3h9LAGC0X9AUBOj9gjIG28wsYuSHERO4hPdgru6B5goQ/s1600/DSC01220.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefPWjbEgO_HJntCrNkgFyTDotDQ0NUIcpIh76JjxXaFUZlE4ANEltZa9_eqiRyzIYyehlJiRYsaclwB9r51uNFDYOyaqU3fd3h9LAGC0X9AUBOj9gjIG28wsYuSHERO4hPdgru6B5goQ/s320/DSC01220.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">This is not a great picture of a root cap.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dicb4ybj6uw5ubNJYDHyUCikGuuCVKLSXXTJDo3MNoiXg9wV8LlZmwG7KkBPCYhmKFPQMN-WgqF-h0O219g4AsYBxZowmzeMaXEqjP_epI2TWisCYqqjJSO-bF6naA_q3wxNIrPwuak/s1600/DSC01212.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dicb4ybj6uw5ubNJYDHyUCikGuuCVKLSXXTJDo3MNoiXg9wV8LlZmwG7KkBPCYhmKFPQMN-WgqF-h0O219g4AsYBxZowmzeMaXEqjP_epI2TWisCYqqjJSO-bF6naA_q3wxNIrPwuak/s320/DSC01212.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Prepared slide of <i>Ranunculus</i> root tip are observed.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGeZEwTM_6g6cEYrvKXcvR5HAUFDN7MZBnrDbFZK1hZGg8OebaVNcgTe0J0AdWOqU3KkHimf_zHTJaHeHu4rphKFCZdDq7TN7RRVp8JAZJrDU5x5hkMYycIN6xHxovOZHZCK9Z3PR5Yc/s1600/DSC01222.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGeZEwTM_6g6cEYrvKXcvR5HAUFDN7MZBnrDbFZK1hZGg8OebaVNcgTe0J0AdWOqU3KkHimf_zHTJaHeHu4rphKFCZdDq7TN7RRVp8JAZJrDU5x5hkMYycIN6xHxovOZHZCK9Z3PR5Yc/s320/DSC01222.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Root cap<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Large, thicker-walled cells with small nuclei. (Mucilage – slimy stuff)<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Apical meristem<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Small, dense, darkly stained cells.<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Protoderm<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Outermost later of cells farther from the apical meristem.<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Procambium<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Central core. Denser, large-nuclei, elongate cells.<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Ground meristem<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Larger, small, light nuclei cells.<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>C. Herbaceous Roots</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwASY6chFxPknRLOoxUMKO0hbBWpbRTTGyaADyumG87dD6lHOoBXZMg3eyZ9WPFPzrAkX3vuW5ZWONCWdFosJVvPLNcFHsWVPm0kMmWhJSJ3uH8vJwa9-GMgiciBhJk-e29Zwdq9bGmBY/s1600/DSC01217.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwASY6chFxPknRLOoxUMKO0hbBWpbRTTGyaADyumG87dD6lHOoBXZMg3eyZ9WPFPzrAkX3vuW5ZWONCWdFosJVvPLNcFHsWVPm0kMmWhJSJ3uH8vJwa9-GMgiciBhJk-e29Zwdq9bGmBY/s320/DSC01217.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><i>Ranunculus</i> only has primary growth (<b>close vascular system)</b> with <b>exarch</b> primary xylem development.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">NOTE: Pericycle has larger parenchyma cells, which the lateral roots develop in open vascular system).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>D. Woody Roots</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrn-IkfdH0i2Cm-X_uVPZ-UITfCe16dMZX6bcNSUEqVod0wQ8ZB91jz5hrKQ-fCiQlejCNwSpTxnyG7rTg8NygaZE_-diVNmpWp6blsMNnHwdROz0p96AFtRePnMOZs_1S02RpA02PF8U/s1600/DSC01211.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrn-IkfdH0i2Cm-X_uVPZ-UITfCe16dMZX6bcNSUEqVod0wQ8ZB91jz5hrKQ-fCiQlejCNwSpTxnyG7rTg8NygaZE_-diVNmpWp6blsMNnHwdROz0p96AFtRePnMOZs_1S02RpA02PF8U/s320/DSC01211.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Salix</i> prepared slide of a young and older woody root is observed.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuFXNqdsJmvMMKrHzCiik7UpZKJG-rEdiwy4ToijXsHfLjl8BZBb_w0h0U1231NN0v56b_cHol2l9sy-_R_orRk7if2FQZELLjStgz-TBmjk866T6bQVnvuQueB3ZgopbT998k3yVo14k/s1600/DSC01227.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuFXNqdsJmvMMKrHzCiik7UpZKJG-rEdiwy4ToijXsHfLjl8BZBb_w0h0U1231NN0v56b_cHol2l9sy-_R_orRk7if2FQZELLjStgz-TBmjk866T6bQVnvuQueB3ZgopbT998k3yVo14k/s200/DSC01227.JPG" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWXAYZk8vTJud5lTgJk5sCAMOdCjfu1YUTx6Eq33aM4CjFxJ_x4HpImB8_mFbbP2tDj1zttQLjA1HNNOSpzwQARAhJR2kNeGGxSWVmmEx5JJYcWgWcmNuU58DryzIHVgZMXwmzcIr1eM/s1600/DSC01228.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWXAYZk8vTJud5lTgJk5sCAMOdCjfu1YUTx6Eq33aM4CjFxJ_x4HpImB8_mFbbP2tDj1zttQLjA1HNNOSpzwQARAhJR2kNeGGxSWVmmEx5JJYcWgWcmNuU58DryzIHVgZMXwmzcIr1eM/s200/DSC01228.JPG" width="199" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Different stages of lateral root development in a young root.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMT6eWw5p5Aw7fHkw7b0OC6aEIPi3Z1RgGMnaxNYMWF7WnRTz5gKGlr8WrfW1yaDccltr94kEBRIvv4etNyoaH_O0Kr9p6Oju108KQ0y6NXzziUpBfRbeU_efyLWsnN_9dZCfWAmxsopY/s1600/DSC01231+-+Copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMT6eWw5p5Aw7fHkw7b0OC6aEIPi3Z1RgGMnaxNYMWF7WnRTz5gKGlr8WrfW1yaDccltr94kEBRIvv4etNyoaH_O0Kr9p6Oju108KQ0y6NXzziUpBfRbeU_efyLWsnN_9dZCfWAmxsopY/s320/DSC01231+-+Copy.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Lateral roots are initiated from pericycle in a young root.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKAuRl39BMXij9y4sY6fX7ekGUPMMyZz2cfDB1RdyUcguK-vo1_9nQxyy0L031HDmnNV-bBVUMQc_Uh-xGHr2dwo6upJ6iPTIw5yJf-D3oWDhpwBzLtACEiqAzZav_cjZtvgzrfKQpiNk/s1600/Presentation1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKAuRl39BMXij9y4sY6fX7ekGUPMMyZz2cfDB1RdyUcguK-vo1_9nQxyy0L031HDmnNV-bBVUMQc_Uh-xGHr2dwo6upJ6iPTIw5yJf-D3oWDhpwBzLtACEiqAzZav_cjZtvgzrfKQpiNk/s320/Presentation1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Secondary growth in a root.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>E. Root modifications</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">1. Storage - abundant perenchyma</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSMADhsYUC8CjCF6XtLxwsoz7XMPSb8ICeCnynFRnH8rouhLAWd-03YtW2tsv4cVE3v5vY_I8Qr7N3KjWRrOTpJjY418jX0n_cch6j24fpQKQNmk_2MHcuW1cmUMJHNo9aMtod7uYkE7Y/s1600/DSC01210.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSMADhsYUC8CjCF6XtLxwsoz7XMPSb8ICeCnynFRnH8rouhLAWd-03YtW2tsv4cVE3v5vY_I8Qr7N3KjWRrOTpJjY418jX0n_cch6j24fpQKQNmk_2MHcuW1cmUMJHNo9aMtod7uYkE7Y/s320/DSC01210.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Carrot roots are modified to store food.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEeH5N-j0w7QFDSkIUwEedRT5lFkCcIkPxCd7DsmwSwFMg43R56oLx1GUkYD0VfAFMHmV2R67nGLurNoHEYFKVy4c3aXZ8AP9DY1e-3SqqbRHA55F13ylHhad9mXk7r8tz0_udzLC31-c/s1600/DSC01240.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEeH5N-j0w7QFDSkIUwEedRT5lFkCcIkPxCd7DsmwSwFMg43R56oLx1GUkYD0VfAFMHmV2R67nGLurNoHEYFKVy4c3aXZ8AP9DY1e-3SqqbRHA55F13ylHhad9mXk7r8tz0_udzLC31-c/s320/DSC01240.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Lignified cells are scatter.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">2. Suppot - prop roots</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt17-cxhaSMj2zm-0EUT97gwEuBexBiy5vcLpPVPATGia3hvh5tyYJxbytcfNHd822MHbFX8dTwM9W7lT-nskB8NxdJx-3GYUTxM9iJnYIFWRvnKhimhyphenhyphenuP6oAYkIRTKwrc2dx-OYBZNE/s1600/DSC01209.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt17-cxhaSMj2zm-0EUT97gwEuBexBiy5vcLpPVPATGia3hvh5tyYJxbytcfNHd822MHbFX8dTwM9W7lT-nskB8NxdJx-3GYUTxM9iJnYIFWRvnKhimhyphenhyphenuP6oAYkIRTKwrc2dx-OYBZNE/s320/DSC01209.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Corns grow prop roots.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitYsr1NJ7EPtsrPjHolXWiJ9TsLN35KeEUkJ2QlJKqSjuXiDmUO-4suxEon1es_u3jEl6aex1M1HBY4rySUFWbxlvT460tRZxAMfseCE3ALw3wsFssk0cpCBYIztrO7Cub2k5GsflYYn0/s1600/DSC01258.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitYsr1NJ7EPtsrPjHolXWiJ9TsLN35KeEUkJ2QlJKqSjuXiDmUO-4suxEon1es_u3jEl6aex1M1HBY4rySUFWbxlvT460tRZxAMfseCE3ALw3wsFssk0cpCBYIztrO7Cub2k5GsflYYn0/s320/DSC01258.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Prop roots arise adventitiously from the stem.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">3. Photosynthesis - chlorophyllous layer</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKIn5RJUSSezf-gbEdMQPqosowkASZtOzb3B-QzEABr5aonPP5juBQD6I5Vd2tndp_7HGVGgaafgFwfsckkg-it_TUSWvJ4Oy89z_SFfDESuNdLsduiHr51oSDI8L4GjSPVIVRCtGE1kw/s1600/DSC01249.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKIn5RJUSSezf-gbEdMQPqosowkASZtOzb3B-QzEABr5aonPP5juBQD6I5Vd2tndp_7HGVGgaafgFwfsckkg-it_TUSWvJ4Oy89z_SFfDESuNdLsduiHr51oSDI8L4GjSPVIVRCtGE1kw/s320/DSC01249.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Epiphytic orchids developed chlorophyllous layer on the roots.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gCejDVWTc8kX7q-T4amgVu7Uv-Y0be0hfjxszXXXm0YxaJ5zCAW3AyaWbYx3zMAhtaMwtnCB48W0mjDYqraMeFq6wkjPya5uwEWrYbKbuGGeyW3L6yTQcwOaIZEhBmxqZkNfKtCYYqc/s1600/DSC01241.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gCejDVWTc8kX7q-T4amgVu7Uv-Y0be0hfjxszXXXm0YxaJ5zCAW3AyaWbYx3zMAhtaMwtnCB48W0mjDYqraMeFq6wkjPya5uwEWrYbKbuGGeyW3L6yTQcwOaIZEhBmxqZkNfKtCYYqc/s320/DSC01241.JPG" width="302" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Slide by Yee Sing's team mate.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Velamen is formed by multiple layer of epidermis.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Parenchyma cells in the middle (may be lignified). </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">NOTE: Phloem are purple in colour.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">4. Overcoming Nitrogen Deficiency</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- <i>Trifolium</i> (cover)/ <i>Rhizibium</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXSoEm-fPjKlnr3NG1Au55n4a-odjxn7zZDSnODJQ-OA0W-qSinV_lWZXkrKuLHp0s6o18tz2sbELkQ-8thR2ota4oQNMCy-uGyaPtK4KS1byQneEbwTueWYkBUOgNegaWiolsYkPH28A/s1600/DSC01244.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXSoEm-fPjKlnr3NG1Au55n4a-odjxn7zZDSnODJQ-OA0W-qSinV_lWZXkrKuLHp0s6o18tz2sbELkQ-8thR2ota4oQNMCy-uGyaPtK4KS1byQneEbwTueWYkBUOgNegaWiolsYkPH28A/s320/DSC01244.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Trifolium</i> (cover)/ <i>Rhizibium</i> symbiosis.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2oQvHxY_cpwADFpXJVpe5uwgnOxXrnqBkevfRNemw3FnyJk4zthcQk6UzbNI3iLy7TIoNT39B-_c0OvQ3jbfD5xI7LmoDX_fXsG2e332pBoEs7vn6552CcFO8CYuL4kEUUPBq0TUa1xg/s1600/DSC01245.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2oQvHxY_cpwADFpXJVpe5uwgnOxXrnqBkevfRNemw3FnyJk4zthcQk6UzbNI3iLy7TIoNT39B-_c0OvQ3jbfD5xI7LmoDX_fXsG2e332pBoEs7vn6552CcFO8CYuL4kEUUPBq0TUa1xg/s320/DSC01245.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Tumour-like nodules on the roots of cover.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">- <i>Alnus</i> (alder) / <i>Frankia</i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9UHnLfwjxsHOtTq0UNH9ZXK9xjuuWPXoUWaylx2ARewS25jXtziHgoV63tcxH1tlixIplVI3-Nbs1GYmB7qOQu5Y8hy2dvQi92a2OSW9R7RptRfAJlIhAYPs_piyktg2isV3h1Ayfv1s/s1600/DSC01203.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9UHnLfwjxsHOtTq0UNH9ZXK9xjuuWPXoUWaylx2ARewS25jXtziHgoV63tcxH1tlixIplVI3-Nbs1GYmB7qOQu5Y8hy2dvQi92a2OSW9R7RptRfAJlIhAYPs_piyktg2isV3h1Ayfv1s/s320/DSC01203.JPG" width="240" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9hbD8eDpYi6U0Y8gWh2ECcxxkCWOqAMVzlDNpA7ubctXwvuVpDD_qSwvi2L1-Rvb9kjKlPKns-tG6HZKdlwkEILO2mtWk9KScwrEQbjxsRC7G7qqJGjYuvnDKFA4J7UgFnh4odSfPPkY/s1600/DSC01243.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9hbD8eDpYi6U0Y8gWh2ECcxxkCWOqAMVzlDNpA7ubctXwvuVpDD_qSwvi2L1-Rvb9kjKlPKns-tG6HZKdlwkEILO2mtWk9KScwrEQbjxsRC7G7qqJGjYuvnDKFA4J7UgFnh4odSfPPkY/s320/DSC01243.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">This symbiosis provides fixed nitrogen to the alder and the surrounding.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%203/IMG_5032.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%203/IMG_5032.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Root of the alder. - Photo by Midy</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">- Yee Sing</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-17763421062339045442011-01-30T20:57:00.000-08:002011-02-24T07:25:20.153-08:00Lab 2 - Common Cell and Tissue Types<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Ground Tissue System</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>I. Parenchyma</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RG6igXFTCHuDSXto_r0Nme7L0deKpKyxXiEdiaUzZy2TaLcyVeYdHqBsclf3iwtYzmLvc1-hIRARKJ5n7FYLRDTH6dI3mOSGJlNgofbgVDcci_wzS6Tfd6n9HmdNrUolX3JlbqjMGx0/s1600/IMG_4904+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RG6igXFTCHuDSXto_r0Nme7L0deKpKyxXiEdiaUzZy2TaLcyVeYdHqBsclf3iwtYzmLvc1-hIRARKJ5n7FYLRDTH6dI3mOSGJlNgofbgVDcci_wzS6Tfd6n9HmdNrUolX3JlbqjMGx0/s320/IMG_4904+%2528labeled%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>IKI stained section of an onion (<i>Allium cepa</i>). The large circular cells are parenchyma cells and the red arrow is pointing at a <b>nucleus</b>. One of the many functions of <b>parenchyma cell</b> is storage, but shouldn't starve turn purple when stained with IKI? It turns out the nutrient here is in the form of sugar and not starch.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusOSx3DDa2aqmiluYaGIxuznv1Ah7E-6m1mAM0WBn80xqC-YXFKrMxOZZIC9cztztYzyfqok0xY_FPjTwJLpuuf2C-CoiYkA7MJoNs7L4cA6EjyA21V1v5LZIWfLh-KI_U4FAyLiZdZY/s1600/IMG_4911+%2528re-edited%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusOSx3DDa2aqmiluYaGIxuznv1Ah7E-6m1mAM0WBn80xqC-YXFKrMxOZZIC9cztztYzyfqok0xY_FPjTwJLpuuf2C-CoiYkA7MJoNs7L4cA6EjyA21V1v5LZIWfLh-KI_U4FAyLiZdZY/s320/IMG_4911+%2528re-edited%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4910.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4910.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The above the an <b>IKI stained </b>potato section. The cells are parenchyma cells and stain a dark <b>purple </b>because of their high <b>starch</b> content.<br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>II. Collenchyma</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4913.jpg" width="292" /></a></div><b>Lamellar collenchyma</b> - <i>Apium graveolens</i> (celery) petiole (stalk)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4920.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The cell walls of the collenchyma cells turned a bright purple after stained with toluidine blue. Why do they turn purple and not blue? because they do not contain lignin.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV6o0xUd1xBybssblJGispYLOGRhyphenhyphenrKm2KKIsIk9dmHx8tgoo-ypLB18Rcl5sqEVU6zYqevUk99JhOJC6MAVQDxZyoEdllihitoaICofaPiwh0s9RouaGDWWs2Y9ee0fHJcYg4Cl__JTg/s1600/IMG_4926+%2528labeled%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV6o0xUd1xBybssblJGispYLOGRhyphenhyphenrKm2KKIsIk9dmHx8tgoo-ypLB18Rcl5sqEVU6zYqevUk99JhOJC6MAVQDxZyoEdllihitoaICofaPiwh0s9RouaGDWWs2Y9ee0fHJcYg4Cl__JTg/s320/IMG_4926+%2528labeled%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>Layer of <b>angular collenchyma</b> cell in <i>Sambucus</i> (elderberry) stem.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>III. Sclerenchyma</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4931.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4931.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>Unstained<b> fibre</b> bundles of <i>Sansevieria</i> (Mother-in-law's tongue).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4935.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>After staining with tol blue the fibre cells turned a baby blue which indicates lignification in the cells.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ChkHfKLmRU9yhdMkF5RD0ohJMwRQeePnjQ_MuBcBkNHOERGaAjy-NKyxOR5hyphenhyphenEblZmlOH1I2knLyGORZfTPeOjl3lOjkWcpE0esYd5WjjxYRuofuCEXX1Y7In2cCr5TJRjG0bQSM1ek/s1600/IMG_4946+%2528re-edited%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ChkHfKLmRU9yhdMkF5RD0ohJMwRQeePnjQ_MuBcBkNHOERGaAjy-NKyxOR5hyphenhyphenEblZmlOH1I2knLyGORZfTPeOjl3lOjkWcpE0esYd5WjjxYRuofuCEXX1Y7In2cCr5TJRjG0bQSM1ek/s320/IMG_4946+%2528re-edited%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><b>Sclereids </b>from <i>Pyrus communis</i> (pear) after staining with phloroglucinol. The cells are supposed to turn red or pink, but they appear more orange.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4941.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4941.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Branched sclereid</b> of <i>Sciadoptiys verticillata</i> (Japanese Umbrella Pine) needle. The sclereids look like little elves hiding behind green bushes.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4945.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4945.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>The branched sclereids turn blue after staining with Tol blue indicating their walls are lignified.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b>Vascular Tissue System</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>IV. Xylem</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4955.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="361" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4955.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Can you name all the structures in this <i>Pinus</i> (pine) wood section?<br />
The longitudinally elongating structures are the parenchyma of rays. The long vertical cells with the pores are <b>tracheids </b>and the pores are called '<b>pits</b>'<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4957.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4957.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Another longitudinal section of the pine wood.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4960.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4960.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>A cross section of the pine wood. Where are the rays in this section? And what are the two big holes (one in the centre and the other on the top left)?<br />
The rays are the thick vertical lines and the holes are actually resin ducts (not covered yet).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4961.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4961.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4963.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4963.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;">Stained longitudinal sections of <i>Solenostemon scutellarioides</i> (coleus) stem. Check out the <b>helical/spiral secondary walls</b>! The 2 above sections are courtesy of <b>Debbie</b>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4964.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4964.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i>Ranunculus </i>(buttercup) prepared slide section.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>V. Phloem</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">---<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4965.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4965.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></div>Sieve tube members, companion cells - Zea mays (corn)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4966.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4966.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>A prepared slide of <i>Cucubita </i>(squash). The red structure is a <b>"Slime" plug (p-protein)</b>. The dark smudge on the slime plug is the <b>sieve plate</b>.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4967.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4967.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Prepared slide of <i>Tilia </i>(basswood).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Dermal Tissue System</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>VI. Epidermis</b><br />
<b>---</b><br />
<b><br />
</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4968.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4968.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>An epidermal peel of the <i>Tradescantia </i>(spiderwort) reveals some of the cells from the dermal tissue system.<br />
The structure in the centre is the <b>stomatal apparatus</b> and the others are <b>parenchyma cells</b>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4969.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="273" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4969.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>A closer look on higher magnification reveal the <b>stomatal opening</b> and <b>guard cells</b> dotted with <b>chloroplasts</b>. Cells in the plant surface usually do not have chloroplasts (chloroplasts are found in mesophyll cells which are part of the ground tissue system and beneath the dermal tissues).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4970.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="http://i1109.photobucket.com/albums/h437/Biology210ubc/Lab%202/IMG_4970.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>A few <b>trichomes </b>are shown in the above, which is the <b>aglandular </b>and which is <b>glandular</b>?</div><div style="text-align: center;">Photo from epidermal peel of <i>Pelargonium </i>(geranium) leaf.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>-MIDY</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-86755227007237013142011-01-27T20:57:00.000-08:002011-01-27T20:57:32.911-08:00Lab 1 - Introduction to Tissue and Cell Types<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span></span></span><br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font: normal normal normal 30px/normal Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lab 1 Introduction</span></h3><div class="post-header" style="color: #7b8f4f; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 518px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpIYzKXMNqb8oaoqFWwBjuKniYwFXO0b8GnNhk5cTb6N-ZGC79EJlz_11BSE8g_op-kXfd7cCaamOiu3ckEZ_7vGNXkVGvjVNTtKAkH96Ky-3xFiX5vYrFI-Jdr7SvWTwTvDcwfQqa6gLw/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpIYzKXMNqb8oaoqFWwBjuKniYwFXO0b8GnNhk5cTb6N-ZGC79EJlz_11BSE8g_op-kXfd7cCaamOiu3ckEZ_7vGNXkVGvjVNTtKAkH96Ky-3xFiX5vYrFI-Jdr7SvWTwTvDcwfQqa6gLw/s320/1.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Materials for planting the fern spores.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirQ4YorQ4pfM0tczg707mZVBVH68PM2Bf1atekFAyn0XQwCq21pjNH4_SUeHWLWnmiHT1am_ncuyx-Zwh2EEu6JpZIYCobgQKd4QZ9UBd7x_mA703_8LXin5Ts94iPsyD5uE0D60nEr4dM/s1600/DSC00997.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirQ4YorQ4pfM0tczg707mZVBVH68PM2Bf1atekFAyn0XQwCq21pjNH4_SUeHWLWnmiHT1am_ncuyx-Zwh2EEu6JpZIYCobgQKd4QZ9UBd7x_mA703_8LXin5Ts94iPsyD5uE0D60nEr4dM/s320/DSC00997.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The petri dishes are collected.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXmiyw8MqrXG_OaEme1ctHBzt4OQcrRtvS-93dKpth2jQs_pLogE1dtpKy7-H068D5Pbeyp42X9JKZAeeq3vLWt1kzFgO7XJivRtEVWqoxW4mlbH-ofw8kvEUqcScM8ZuForKZP3d35bwC/s1600/DSC00998.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXmiyw8MqrXG_OaEme1ctHBzt4OQcrRtvS-93dKpth2jQs_pLogE1dtpKy7-H068D5Pbeyp42X9JKZAeeq3vLWt1kzFgO7XJivRtEVWqoxW4mlbH-ofw8kvEUqcScM8ZuForKZP3d35bwC/s320/DSC00998.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A pot of sunflower is planted for every pair of students.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzUiokyW3Zb0p8XqH2dCvwKE-N9V8c-zPhLedcJKT1fGuVF4klp7BrS5XIN2nwlVVexhnD3lZju3L9vDwBNtSWxdJemKFbWm7vFNjfW2Bm0KaxtIADfPkPeeJSKkR117qUE-jpE-bbXvK_/s1600/DSC00999.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzUiokyW3Zb0p8XqH2dCvwKE-N9V8c-zPhLedcJKT1fGuVF4klp7BrS5XIN2nwlVVexhnD3lZju3L9vDwBNtSWxdJemKFbWm7vFNjfW2Bm0KaxtIADfPkPeeJSKkR117qUE-jpE-bbXvK_/s320/DSC00999.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Four seeds for each pot.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGrWl_9jWf0y_cGEqxHa8INGdfcej5E_M5fr2Tb989tGkxgdktggMmhIl1DgahH-ex3w0cmN7t0W53tDXxhChkoBXFnvNiTPrZP-9lzlmvyXVYo22OByVhd2T6_cbG2RH_L9nMCtMUG17G/s1600/DSC01000.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGrWl_9jWf0y_cGEqxHa8INGdfcej5E_M5fr2Tb989tGkxgdktggMmhIl1DgahH-ex3w0cmN7t0W53tDXxhChkoBXFnvNiTPrZP-9lzlmvyXVYo22OByVhd2T6_cbG2RH_L9nMCtMUG17G/s320/DSC01000.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Each student plants a scarlet runner (bean) and take it home.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaEWP3u5qpBgdbb_qsmKXOQ4nIG2iHTL5UbO602AFkmCnlmD43-L1NP19gOrkd1r-shqijzpOk5rJvT5YOHoKl6bSYXjrgHQpgCFUn0z6TWGYYYZHxKrBFL4m4vYhzcRDTbYP48UA0fn2/s1600/DSC01001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaEWP3u5qpBgdbb_qsmKXOQ4nIG2iHTL5UbO602AFkmCnlmD43-L1NP19gOrkd1r-shqijzpOk5rJvT5YOHoKl6bSYXjrgHQpgCFUn0z6TWGYYYZHxKrBFL4m4vYhzcRDTbYP48UA0fn2/s320/DSC01001.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bush bean plant demo.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Microscope Set Up</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir3jtYyvbO38upuuEWDq4ziGWOFHf_N5mfpjXY4RMKxo-ID1Kna9qeVZQwTeafTcMNVqiUdOxIteVLdx7ndRIsBMsiDua4VlFPFCG9QOdlebSMOx1lWadoN6z5MdPiicrpuAXxos8H1Bsf/s1600/DSC01004.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir3jtYyvbO38upuuEWDq4ziGWOFHf_N5mfpjXY4RMKxo-ID1Kna9qeVZQwTeafTcMNVqiUdOxIteVLdx7ndRIsBMsiDua4VlFPFCG9QOdlebSMOx1lWadoN6z5MdPiicrpuAXxos8H1Bsf/s320/DSC01004.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Microscope set-up exercise using fern spores.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWBZt9RJrbLJinfR6lURdflyMGNooTxPqb7ymqIEiWCjsN_tGRYh-F4jQKGUyRIey_3RMfI40o5fMuBguDYwDOj7W5Ae9l-7AyZtm6Zk7aiCyMua_wXbhms6p4PHa2b1AkvcIHi4SWd7f9/s1600/DSC01005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWBZt9RJrbLJinfR6lURdflyMGNooTxPqb7ymqIEiWCjsN_tGRYh-F4jQKGUyRIey_3RMfI40o5fMuBguDYwDOj7W5Ae9l-7AyZtm6Zk7aiCyMua_wXbhms6p4PHa2b1AkvcIHi4SWd7f9/s320/DSC01005.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Fern spores under x10 objectives.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_R7UAOCy9QO_cc65LKyzgszORvN0TXFzJ0FXBSVXCVp_Uc4bKWyfqtjEvBxfxgMIb9F3T9bJw1Bf5BTUgQXqfS6PW4_Ckss0qYa6lwR_W78_PqgxML5uviV9AaDoVu5boFuehF4w_kaUI/s1600/DSC01007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_R7UAOCy9QO_cc65LKyzgszORvN0TXFzJ0FXBSVXCVp_Uc4bKWyfqtjEvBxfxgMIb9F3T9bJw1Bf5BTUgQXqfS6PW4_Ckss0qYa6lwR_W78_PqgxML5uviV9AaDoVu5boFuehF4w_kaUI/s320/DSC01007.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="298" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Fern spores under x40 objectives.</div><br />
<b>Introduction to Plant Tissue Systems</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsiCRhAw8V1gWbr1MYnHPqh8RL4lZsMrMfw87G2lDAyn86WSUunY1VVOyDW5apEYKchVw1csZSRzI_4BpuYuLVnDgWA1bZNRiBAh6-Yqmrf7lw8OftVyItYkl6de_o7MSLL9YZ9fBTPnkA/s1600/DSC01009.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsiCRhAw8V1gWbr1MYnHPqh8RL4lZsMrMfw87G2lDAyn86WSUunY1VVOyDW5apEYKchVw1csZSRzI_4BpuYuLVnDgWA1bZNRiBAh6-Yqmrf7lw8OftVyItYkl6de_o7MSLL9YZ9fBTPnkA/s320/DSC01009.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Solutions used for this lab: Toluidine blue, water and IKI.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b>Stain<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b>Acts on<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b>Effect</b><o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">IKI<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Starch grains<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Starch turns purple to purplish black<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Toluidine blue<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li>Cytoplasm</li>
<li>Lignified cell walls (tracheids and vessels in the xylem; sclerenchyma)</li>
</ul><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li>Cytoplasm turns blue</li>
<li>Lignin becomes greenish-blue to baby-blue</li>
</ul><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Pholoroglucinol<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Lignified cell walls<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Lignin turns red or pinkish<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNqONXzzjyTOs5VtdVgHHk7ji_L89yymey5bQl4Rc2zHlS8APbzi9Ye5Nn1KjqqU4c-XeqOIhjXBupyRex6_IN61aFdsvVqbYQ-E1cxCyEjvabeB-pCSWMii62VhIbGN4EdH4BNYYDhuxa/s1600/DSC01002.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNqONXzzjyTOs5VtdVgHHk7ji_L89yymey5bQl4Rc2zHlS8APbzi9Ye5Nn1KjqqU4c-XeqOIhjXBupyRex6_IN61aFdsvVqbYQ-E1cxCyEjvabeB-pCSWMii62VhIbGN4EdH4BNYYDhuxa/s320/DSC01002.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Corn stems are used.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwb1ImlNjDxGl_YwnkgUZJ0TMjGLT7jwOSulZcIcJ-MU8LQAu7CaYo3U1sh6psI_6VTBq-kSNb5YNXqEU-cKVUoLHafcQmvadPZdMfKtJtn9-4UbZr1h3OKcl5a406JhBUuPJpF4QGnhKf/s1600/DSC01011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwb1ImlNjDxGl_YwnkgUZJ0TMjGLT7jwOSulZcIcJ-MU8LQAu7CaYo3U1sh6psI_6VTBq-kSNb5YNXqEU-cKVUoLHafcQmvadPZdMfKtJtn9-4UbZr1h3OKcl5a406JhBUuPJpF4QGnhKf/s320/DSC01011.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Cross section of the stem. (x10)</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf5XIfWEcahyJgRtDvzDcf93oZbcM4s9fe3GRA83rPDYg0ak4oC9Se3yJw6c9T0EE68a0LxT0NVMG-ALgO_fyYSrCWi7CP6BGAvjQUt1K2d9nJzQdwDErYC08c1cqrm42_g_4OruaGc8h7/s1600/DSC01014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf5XIfWEcahyJgRtDvzDcf93oZbcM4s9fe3GRA83rPDYg0ak4oC9Se3yJw6c9T0EE68a0LxT0NVMG-ALgO_fyYSrCWi7CP6BGAvjQUt1K2d9nJzQdwDErYC08c1cqrm42_g_4OruaGc8h7/s320/DSC01014.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Another cross section of the stem. (x10)</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmUdpyje88qrhM4gZOWRICKULwInIk5WOU3xwKJdbRFWsxgxvHq6j95MXj_TKiXaC0gb4GEqBYXfA48mOC7KQJy5iqRn0pRmVoFZTtxhvwSxlzYz91-DJ0FEl2jpl-B75g8AIknUCvDxMC/s1600/DSC01020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmUdpyje88qrhM4gZOWRICKULwInIk5WOU3xwKJdbRFWsxgxvHq6j95MXj_TKiXaC0gb4GEqBYXfA48mOC7KQJy5iqRn0pRmVoFZTtxhvwSxlzYz91-DJ0FEl2jpl-B75g8AIknUCvDxMC/s320/DSC01020.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Cross section of the stem stained with Toluidine blue.Cellulose walls turn purple. (x10)</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC2J3H-Hy6Xut60VvtXTMNektT2hBHyb8DDxGLa8Bql5vkNzjI7KFuTShqqaBwWpjXCFnjxxzv18eZomH3RgzaeqPfK6FDzKqteLudsEFxYy09nB37R7rXGGAlbdvJT4z-O01b_0EWW2xI/s1600/DSC01021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC2J3H-Hy6Xut60VvtXTMNektT2hBHyb8DDxGLa8Bql5vkNzjI7KFuTShqqaBwWpjXCFnjxxzv18eZomH3RgzaeqPfK6FDzKqteLudsEFxYy09nB37R7rXGGAlbdvJT4z-O01b_0EWW2xI/s320/DSC01021.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="296" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Longitudinal section of the stem stained with Toluidine blue, showing the node where the leaf branches. (x4.5)</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvVxlHlZAtYgsJ79Q0NfTbIgKzAoU4wNIysKwy2EX8RCqC4S6EWhPWzHtZ0y8RkMNN_Dwct3t-i7aXorOHiFVZ2hjheHF0Bb8aEZTJNWsUKK0Zo2QiAFxh7TAsNsUfpA7Tsm-Lep6te-d/s1600/DSC01022.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvVxlHlZAtYgsJ79Q0NfTbIgKzAoU4wNIysKwy2EX8RCqC4S6EWhPWzHtZ0y8RkMNN_Dwct3t-i7aXorOHiFVZ2hjheHF0Bb8aEZTJNWsUKK0Zo2QiAFxh7TAsNsUfpA7Tsm-Lep6te-d/s320/DSC01022.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="315" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Longitudinal section of the stem stained Toluidine blue. Cellulose walls turn purple. Lignified cell walls turns greenish blue to baby-blue. (x10)</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWZxFr9Vo0xGyXDGeMVYIsiTVDTRBxlWNuEvbTQ2AkYSBn5EWk2qe3NzZaSx15x-2tN2fD5oStLP42G7o7rBZQnuu1d3UqVOJWUpnbzWpj5lo50A_M-5f5aqNy_Z5JxK5dMUh6euzgos4/s1600/DSC01024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWZxFr9Vo0xGyXDGeMVYIsiTVDTRBxlWNuEvbTQ2AkYSBn5EWk2qe3NzZaSx15x-2tN2fD5oStLP42G7o7rBZQnuu1d3UqVOJWUpnbzWpj5lo50A_M-5f5aqNy_Z5JxK5dMUh6euzgos4/s320/DSC01024.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="319" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Leaf and stem separate. (x10)</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpHWaX0uiSufuxPdTdY9Zzs2bw7Q84XF2uGDsy9mU37Juz8R7YGvWnHOY64VSncrCDUoa2kyMkKlAq3i6yRU5jMzaRgI1IYCaYznqu-a9bIPkbalircdrCAg_YT3K7njtVcggHfkNDKomu/s1600/DSC01003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpHWaX0uiSufuxPdTdY9Zzs2bw7Q84XF2uGDsy9mU37Juz8R7YGvWnHOY64VSncrCDUoa2kyMkKlAq3i6yRU5jMzaRgI1IYCaYznqu-a9bIPkbalircdrCAg_YT3K7njtVcggHfkNDKomu/s320/DSC01003.JPG" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sliver of sweet potato is used.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhffPH8sjRlpd2en0NUZkCIVNuyGducHweITihMkdvxiBx-5XiwumXD-9ZIbhPj_RjY49UATKrIIBtT8UGNLYspklB1_XTrt4k4LDbFKP5LEpBjZlOfXsmWF1Fe_fejNnXxXmN4i5wPh2Np/s1600/DSC01026.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #315312; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhffPH8sjRlpd2en0NUZkCIVNuyGducHweITihMkdvxiBx-5XiwumXD-9ZIbhPj_RjY49UATKrIIBtT8UGNLYspklB1_XTrt4k4LDbFKP5LEpBjZlOfXsmWF1Fe_fejNnXxXmN4i5wPh2Np/s320/DSC01026.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Section of sweet potato. (x10)</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC6-5UWg8qAueIzfRLTcBTdO3CfX8aNHyH4nC8v2YGIbHk8q24q9FM79bqyH9SIODuFjzwqHSf9HVbYS2u5ywNIeaMAWPLXlFKYBEVLDEDxMD7GyhcqrJ5MHEo5QPci6bvuM1wBeoK7l1W/s1600/DSC01029.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #f0f200; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: underline;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC6-5UWg8qAueIzfRLTcBTdO3CfX8aNHyH4nC8v2YGIbHk8q24q9FM79bqyH9SIODuFjzwqHSf9HVbYS2u5ywNIeaMAWPLXlFKYBEVLDEDxMD7GyhcqrJ5MHEo5QPci6bvuM1wBeoK7l1W/s320/DSC01029.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="312" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Section of sweet potato, stained with IKI. Starch turn purplish-black.</div></span></div>Onghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17549274562177471061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119741406386509796.post-9372387354983772382011-01-14T21:03:00.000-08:002011-01-24T19:01:49.713-08:00You've got 99 problems...<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>...out of 100 on the lab exam :) </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hello there! and welcome to the Biology 210 blog. We are <b>Yee Sing Ong</b> and <b>Midy Liou</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and we are student from the University of British Columbia and taking the same course, <b>Biology210</b>, as you. We have a passion for creating course blogs; mostly with the intention of sharing pictures and their descriptions that were encountered during the hands-on labs. This will be the <b>second</b> course blog that Yee Sing will have participated in (<b>third</b> for Midy). The other two being the Biology 324 and Biology 343 blog sites: </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">BIOL324: <a href="http://tudbotanybiol324.blogspot.com/">http://tudbotanybiol324.blogspot.com/</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">BIOL343: <a href="http://tudbotany.blogspot.com/">http://tudbotany.blogspot.com/</a></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We look forward to updating this blog every week. If you feel the urge to add to the blog ( your pictures and descriptions or point out an error) - please feel free to contact Yee Sing (abc[at]def.com) or Midy (midy_0831[at]hotmail.com) and we will be happy to share your materials. Also, have fun and leave your comments below.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>-Midy</b></span></div>Midyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04616902851680475958noreply@blogger.com0